四级考试：第二阶段复习方略2_CET技巧心得
二.正确选择项有何特点
文章理解了,要从每一个问题的四个选择中选出正确答案并不容易,因为正确选择项不仅混在三个很相似,且相关的干扰项中,而且其表现形式多种多样,它不可能是原文中相同的词、相同的结构,甚至是相同的语义关系,其语言表达形式相差很大。因此,了解和掌握正确选择项的特点,以及它与文章相关句的语义关系,对于我们快速、有效地确定正确答案是大有裨益的。一般来说,正确选择项与原文中的主要有以下几种相关性:
1) 正确选择项是原文中相关的同义关系
如1999年6月cet-4中的第1篇文章:
〖例1〗
the biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with
a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. in the last
15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been
caused by electromagnetic interference. the source of this interference remains
unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic
devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.
rtca, an organization which advises the aviation industry, has recommended that
all airlines ban such devices from being used during ‘critical’ stages of flight,
particularly take-off and landing. some experts have gone further, calling for
a total ban during all flights. currently, rules on using these devices are
left up to individual airlines. and although some airlines prohibit passengers
from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to
enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.
the difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s
computers. experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those
wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. but, because
they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have
no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.
the fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the risk that
terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. as
worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off
his radio because the music’s too loud.
22. what is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?
a. they may have taken place during take-off and landing.
b. they may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems.
c. they were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference.
d. they were proved to have been caused by the passengers’ portable computers.
24. why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields
on an airplane’s computers?
a. because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research.
b. because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane.
c. because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered
with.
d. because research scientists have not been able to produce the same effects
in labs.
文章中的第22题,正确选择项(c)中的have resulted from与原文中的have been caused为同义短语。又如24题正确选择项(d)中的produce与原文because
they have not been able to
reproduce these effects in a laboratory句中的 reproduce为同义关系。
2) 正确选择项是原文中相关的反义关系
如1995年6月cet-4中的第4篇(参见3、概括性推理实例剖析 passage 1)中的第40题:
〖例2〗 40. it can be concluded from dr. dubos’s remarks that _________.
a. people find invisible diseases difficult to deal with
b. attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatal
c. diseases with obvious signs are easy to cure
d. people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides
正确选择项(d)中的overlook正好与原文中的impressed形成反义关系,hidden dangers 与原文中的obvious signs同样形成反义关系,即:
人们对有明显症状的病最关心,反过来说,他们对杀虫剂造成的潜在危害往往忽视了。
3) 正确选择项是原文中生词的解释关系
正确选择项是对原文中出现的某个不太熟悉的词的解释。如1999年6月cet-4中的第2篇中的第28题:(参见词汇词义辨别题中的文章)
〖例3〗28. the word “provincial” (line 2, para.3) most probably means “_______”.
a. limited in outlook
b. like people from the provinces
c. rigid in thinking
d. interested in world financial affairs
一般来说“and”连词所连接的前后两个成分的内容通常一致。当take more of an interest in local affairs作为与provincial前后并列出现时,
provincial已可以确定为“美国人只对自己的或局部的事物感兴趣,而对外界缺乏关注”的词义了,因此,正确选择项(a) limited in outlook就是对
provincial这个词的释义。
4)正确选择项是原文中长句、难句的解释关系
阅读理解文章中个别句子比较难,有的句子很长,且结构复杂,有的句子表达比较抽象,且生词较多;而有些问题的设计就是要求理解这些句子,其答案就是对这些句子的解释。
〖例4〗
such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased
the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national
life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties
of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management
of business. 这一句话长达47个单词,针对这句话设计了如下问题:
the growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.
a. the separation of capital from management
b. the ownership of capital by managers
c. the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
d. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
问题的正确选择项(a)就是上述这一长句的释义。当然,要理解这一长句没有一定的语言水平很难做到。
5)正确选择项是对原文主题思想的归纳
在解答问题,正确选择项不可能在文章中的某个句子中直接找到相关的,它需要通过对原文中的例证的归纳、对原文叙述归纳、对文章对某一段落大意的归纳,对文章的主题思想归纳后才能得到。
〖例5〗 (文章参见概括、归纳主题思想的能力中的例句)
the main idea of the passage is that ______.
a) teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read
b) teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible
c) reading ability is something acquired rather than taught
d) reading is more complicated than generally believed
在通读全文后,即可发现文章第一段最后一句:reading can not be taught directly是文章的主题句(topic sentence),而其他各段均是来论证这一主题的。因此,正确选择项(c)就是对整篇文章的主题思想的归纳,表达比较笼统。
6) 正确选择项是对作者所持观点的归纳
作者的观点往往不会轻易地在文章直接表达出来,而是通过读者对他(她)描述的事或人来概括推理的;问题中往往用一个词高度概括了作者的观点,如1990年1月第4篇
(文章参见作者观点、态度归纳 实例解剖 passage 1)
〖例6〗
36. in the passage the author’s attitude towards “mixed-ability teaching” is
______.
a. critical c. approving
b. questioning d. objective
正确选择项(c)表示持“赞同的”态度。根据第一段内容,尤其是前二句中的动词选择:rarely held back, enrich, 可以归纳作者对“混合编班”持“赞同”态度。
7) 正确选择项是对原言语中相关的推理
正确选择项往往要求读者通过的表层意思去理解隐含在其中的深层意思。如1993年6月cet-4 第1篇 (文章参见概括性推理实例剖析passage
2)
〖例7〗
22. it can be inferred from the passage that ______.
a. compared with other hospitals nurses at beth israel hospital are more patient
b. in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point
of view
c. in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
d. compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at beth israel
hospital
正确选择项(b)是对文章第1段最后一句句意的推理:“如果我们确要解决护理工作不足(不充分)的问题,那么各地医院的行政部门和医生最好还是效法一下beth
israel医院的榜样”,据此可以推断:护理不充分是一个普遍存在问题。
文章理解了,要从每一个问题的四个选择中选出正确答案并不容易,因为正确选择项不仅混在三个很相似,且相关的干扰项中,而且其表现形式多种多样,它不可能是原文中相同的词、相同的结构,甚至是相同的语义关系,其语言表达形式相差很大。因此,了解和掌握正确选择项的特点,以及它与文章相关句的语义关系,对于我们快速、有效地确定正确答案是大有裨益的。一般来说,正确选择项与原文中的主要有以下几种相关性:
1) 正确选择项是原文中相关的同义关系
如1999年6月cet-4中的第1篇文章:
〖例1〗
the biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with
a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business class. in the last
15 years, pilots have reported well over 100 incidents that could have been
caused by electromagnetic interference. the source of this interference remains
unconfirmed, but increasingly, experts are pointing the blame at portable electronic
devices such as portable computers, radio and cassette players and mobile telephones.
rtca, an organization which advises the aviation industry, has recommended that
all airlines ban such devices from being used during ‘critical’ stages of flight,
particularly take-off and landing. some experts have gone further, calling for
a total ban during all flights. currently, rules on using these devices are
left up to individual airlines. and although some airlines prohibit passengers
from using such equipment during take-off and landing, most are reluctant to
enforce a total ban, given that many passengers want to work during flights.
the difficulty is predicting how electromagnetic fields might affect an aircraft’s
computers. experts know that portable devices emit radiation which affects those
wavelengths which aircraft use for navigation and communication. but, because
they have not been able to reproduce these effects in a laboratory, they have
no way of knowing whether the interference might be dangerous or not.
the fact that aircraft may be vulnerable to interference raises the risk that
terrorists may use radio systems in order to damage navigation equipment. as
worrying, though, is the passenger who can’t hear the instructions to turn off
his radio because the music’s too loud.
22. what is said about the over 100 aircraft incidents in the past 15 years?
a. they may have taken place during take-off and landing.
b. they may have been caused by the damage to the radio systems.
c. they were suspected to have resulted from electromagnetic interference.
d. they were proved to have been caused by the passengers’ portable computers.
24. why is it difficult to predict the possible effects of electromagnetic fields
on an airplane’s computers?
a. because experts lack adequate equipment to do such research.
b. because it is extremely dangerous to conduct such research on an airplane.
c. because it remains a mystery what wavelengths are liable to be interfered
with.
d. because research scientists have not been able to produce the same effects
in labs.
文章中的第22题,正确选择项(c)中的have resulted from与原文中的have been caused为同义短语。又如24题正确选择项(d)中的produce与原文because
they have not been able to
reproduce these effects in a laboratory句中的 reproduce为同义关系。
2) 正确选择项是原文中相关的反义关系
如1995年6月cet-4中的第4篇(参见3、概括性推理实例剖析 passage 1)中的第40题:
〖例2〗 40. it can be concluded from dr. dubos’s remarks that _________.
a. people find invisible diseases difficult to deal with
b. attacks by hidden enemies tend to be fatal
c. diseases with obvious signs are easy to cure
d. people tend to overlook hidden dangers caused by pesticides
正确选择项(d)中的overlook正好与原文中的impressed形成反义关系,hidden dangers 与原文中的obvious signs同样形成反义关系,即:
人们对有明显症状的病最关心,反过来说,他们对杀虫剂造成的潜在危害往往忽视了。
3) 正确选择项是原文中生词的解释关系
正确选择项是对原文中出现的某个不太熟悉的词的解释。如1999年6月cet-4中的第2篇中的第28题:(参见词汇词义辨别题中的文章)
〖例3〗28. the word “provincial” (line 2, para.3) most probably means “_______”.
a. limited in outlook
b. like people from the provinces
c. rigid in thinking
d. interested in world financial affairs
一般来说“and”连词所连接的前后两个成分的内容通常一致。当take more of an interest in local affairs作为与provincial前后并列出现时,
provincial已可以确定为“美国人只对自己的或局部的事物感兴趣,而对外界缺乏关注”的词义了,因此,正确选择项(a) limited in outlook就是对
provincial这个词的释义。
4)正确选择项是原文中长句、难句的解释关系
阅读理解文章中个别句子比较难,有的句子很长,且结构复杂,有的句子表达比较抽象,且生词较多;而有些问题的设计就是要求理解这些句子,其答案就是对这些句子的解释。
〖例4〗
such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased
the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national
life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties
of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management
of business. 这一句话长达47个单词,针对这句话设计了如下问题:
the growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.
a. the separation of capital from management
b. the ownership of capital by managers
c. the emergence of capital and labour as two classes
d. the participation of shareholders in municipal business
问题的正确选择项(a)就是上述这一长句的释义。当然,要理解这一长句没有一定的语言水平很难做到。
5)正确选择项是对原文主题思想的归纳
在解答问题,正确选择项不可能在文章中的某个句子中直接找到相关的,它需要通过对原文中的例证的归纳、对原文叙述归纳、对文章对某一段落大意的归纳,对文章的主题思想归纳后才能得到。
〖例5〗 (文章参见概括、归纳主题思想的能力中的例句)
the main idea of the passage is that ______.
a) teachers should do as little as possible in helping students learn to read
b) teachers should encourage students to read as widely as possible
c) reading ability is something acquired rather than taught
d) reading is more complicated than generally believed
在通读全文后,即可发现文章第一段最后一句:reading can not be taught directly是文章的主题句(topic sentence),而其他各段均是来论证这一主题的。因此,正确选择项(c)就是对整篇文章的主题思想的归纳,表达比较笼统。
6) 正确选择项是对作者所持观点的归纳
作者的观点往往不会轻易地在文章直接表达出来,而是通过读者对他(她)描述的事或人来概括推理的;问题中往往用一个词高度概括了作者的观点,如1990年1月第4篇
(文章参见作者观点、态度归纳 实例解剖 passage 1)
〖例6〗
36. in the passage the author’s attitude towards “mixed-ability teaching” is
______.
a. critical c. approving
b. questioning d. objective
正确选择项(c)表示持“赞同的”态度。根据第一段内容,尤其是前二句中的动词选择:rarely held back, enrich, 可以归纳作者对“混合编班”持“赞同”态度。
7) 正确选择项是对原言语中相关的推理
正确选择项往往要求读者通过的表层意思去理解隐含在其中的深层意思。如1993年6月cet-4 第1篇 (文章参见概括性推理实例剖析passage
2)
〖例7〗
22. it can be inferred from the passage that ______.
a. compared with other hospitals nurses at beth israel hospital are more patient
b. in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point
of view
c. in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
d. compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at beth israel
hospital
正确选择项(b)是对文章第1段最后一句句意的推理:“如果我们确要解决护理工作不足(不充分)的问题,那么各地医院的行政部门和医生最好还是效法一下beth
israel医院的榜样”,据此可以推断:护理不充分是一个普遍存在问题。