被动语态_CET语法
被动语态1：中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。
语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。
例如：we clean the room every day.
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。
例如：the room is cleaned every day.
2:被动语态的各种形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：i’m asked to take care of myself.
eg：football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：this book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：the prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：a road is being built around the mountain.
eg：many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：this house was built in 1958.
eg2：his leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：a new school had been set up by the end of last year.
eg2：when the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when i was there.
eg2：we were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：more factories will be built in our city.
eg2：he will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：the project will have been completed before july.
eg2：your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：he told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：he told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主动形式表示被动意义
1）及物动词的不及物用法：主语通常是物，且有着某种内在的特点。句子简短，且一定有付词。
eg1：some silks wash well.
eg2：the pen writes smoothly.
eg3：the poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：the shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：the paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：the plays won`t act.
eg2：his novels don`t sell.
eg3：the door won`t open.
3)某些日常用语，谓语是进行时态
eg1：the dinner is cooking.
eg2：the cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：the book is printing.
eg4：he paid all that was owing（欠的钱他都还了）.
4）谓语是不及物动词或连系动词。
eg1：the flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。
语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。
例如：we clean the room every day.
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。
例如：the room is cleaned every day.
2:被动语态的各种形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：i’m asked to take care of myself.
eg：football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：this book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：the prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：a road is being built around the mountain.
eg：many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：this house was built in 1958.
eg2：his leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：a new school had been set up&nbs
p;by the end of last year.
eg2：when the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when i was there.
eg2：we were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：more factories will be built in our city.
eg2：he will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：the project will have been completed before july.
eg2：your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：he told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：he told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主动形式表示被动意义
1）及物动词的不及物用法：主语通常是物，且有着某种内在的特点。句子简短，且一定有付词。
eg1：some silks wash well.
eg2：the pen writes smoothly.
eg3：the poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：the shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：the paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：the plays won`t act.
eg2：his novels don`t sell.
eg3：the door won`t open.
3)某些日常用语，谓语是进行时态
eg1：the dinner is cooking.
eg2：the cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：the book is printing.
eg4：he paid all that was owing（欠的钱他都还了）.
4）谓语是不及物动词或连系动词。
eg1：the flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
eg3：the roses smell sweet.
eg4：the medicine tastes bitter.
eg5：the cloth feels soft.
eg6：the door blew open.
eg7：the road measures 50 feet across.
eg8：sheep feed chiefly on grass.
4:练习
1).put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted)
1.people speak english in many countries.
2.we built this bridge last year.
3.the tiger in the z00 frightened the little girl.
4.xiao liu has invited you to a lunch party.
5.you must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
6.we shall discuss the problem at tomorrow’s meeting.
7.has anybody fed the birds?
8.people will never forget the accident.
9.you may write this letter in pencil.
10.they are repairing the car in the garage.
11.someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
12.they have found ways to make waste water clean.
13.someone must take care of the children when we go out.
14.they won’t hold the meeting until next friday.
15.they gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
16.the doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.
17.they made the young man head of the volleyball team.
18.someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
19.they criticized me for something wrong that i had done.
20.someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
21.it surprised me to hear that they wouldn’t give him a holiday after his hard work.
22.people oughtn’t to criticize her for this matter.
23.people will
laugh at you if you wear that dress.
24.they ought to have told you how much money you needed.
25.i have told him that he didn’t satisfy his examiner.
26.we must finish the work by six o’clock this afternoon.
27.do you often clean your room?
28.they are making this type of radios in shanghai.
29.could you carry out the plan on time?
30.we must pay attention to such problems.
31.someone is showing them how to operate the computers.
32.you should put forward(提出)the questions at the meeting.
33.they used to practise speaking english together.
34.he is sure to finish the job by then.
35.she is going to play the match today.
36.people are talking about the incident all over the town.
37.we saw a bus running towards us at that time
38.they elected her leader of the group.
39.they had to put off the sports meet because of the rain.
40.we don’t have to write it in such a hurry.
2).make the best choice:
窗体顶部
41.our house_____,
a.is getting paint b.is getting painted c.is got painted d.has got to paint
42.he arrived in beijing,where he_____his friend.
a.was met by b.was met c.was meeting d.met by
43.the war_____in 1937
a.was broken out b.had been broken out c.has broken out d.broke out
44.the mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
a.cross b.be crossing c.be crossed by d.cross by
45.my brother and i have __________her birthday party.
a.been invited b.been invited for c.invited to d.been invited to
46.it_______this way
a.is had to do b.is had to be done c.had to be done d.has to do
47.it__this way.
a used to do b.used to be done c.is used to do d.is used to doing
48._____chaplin.
a.the child’s name was called b.the child’s name calls c.the child calls d.the child is named
49.the sports meeting____ .
a.is put off b.is to put off c.is to be put off d.puts off
50.mary realized she_________
a.was making fun of b.was made fun c.was being made fun of d.was being made fun
51.______to say a thing in that way
a.it is considers wrong b.it is considered wrong c.it is considered it’s wrong d.it is consiedring wrong
52.he ordered that the books_______at once.
a.would be printed b.would print c.be printed d.print
53.the story______in china.
a.was taken place b.was happened c.took place d.has been taken place
54.the house_____my parents
a.is belong to b.belong to c.belongs to d.is belonged to
55.he_______by his teacher.
a.happened to see b.was happened to see c.happened to be seen d.was happened to be seen
56.great changes_____in our province.many tall buildings __________.
a.have been taken place, have been set&n
bsp;up b.have taken place, have been set up
c.have been taken place, have been set up d.were taken place, were set up
57.the hall’s____but it’s not yet____with lamps.
a.furnished, finished b.been finished, been furnished c.being finished, being furnished d.set up, full
58.the new hall is the tallest building in this town.
_____from here?
a.can it see b.can it be seen c.can it seen d.can see
59.as soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_____.
a.had already taken off b.already took off c.was already taking off d.was already taken off
60. some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
a.have now been rebuilding b.are now rebuilding
c.are now being rebuilt d.are rebuilt now
(answers to the questions: badcd,cbdac,bcccc,bbbac )
怎样学习被动语态 英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代，但大都着重它的构成形式，例证则往往不够。这种语态似乎在英语句子中比在汉语句子中更多出现，这点是我国初学者所经常忽略的。在某些句子中，总是用被动语态、而汉语则绝不能用，如：
shakespeare was born in 1564．/moliere was born in paris．
初学的人接触到这样被动语态的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因为我们在汉语中惯于说"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于
巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，从来不说一个人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中，可用主动及被动两种语态，汉语则倾向于用主动，如：
everybody likes him．/he is liked by everybody．
汉语"人人喜欢他"看来比"他被人人喜欢"更现成和自然。有人以为这有一个强调的问题，用作主语的词是加以强调的。即
令如此，按照结构写成的"他被大家喜欢"这样的句子，总是别扭。
下面就十个类别，举出一些句子，说明某些动词用于某一意义或在某一场合中常作被动语态。类别当然不能只是十个，这
儿仅举常见的。每个类别下也只举五个句子，句子中的动词彼此不一样。为方便起见，句子首先采用大家熟知的 the advanced
learner’s dictionary of current english（ald），其次是 longman dictionary of contemporary english（ldce），必要时从其他英美书刊补充少数句子，但不注明出处。
1．关于生病
the left lung is affected． _____ald
he is confined to the house by illness． ____ ald
he was seized with sudden chest pains． ____ldce
he’s been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____ldce
john was invalided out of the army．
上面这些句子中被动语态在中很习惯化，如将动词改为主动语态，有不同程度的不顺。用汉语表达这些句子中的同样的概
念，就可以不一定用被动语态。
2．关于疲倦困乏
he was doneup afterthe long ride． ald
he was knocked up after the longsteen climb． _____ ald
he was almost fagged out． ______ ald
i’m completely exhausted．____ldce
i was spent with the fatigue of the voyage．
汉语说"累了"、"累垮了"极普通。如说由于某种原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在结构上不用被动语态。这和第一类的例子是一致的。
3．关于喜悦、高兴
i was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ald
we’re very pleased to see you here．_____ald
on hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ald
she was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ald
the children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ald
汉语如说"被高兴"，将不成文理，说"使……高兴"或"为……高兴"，那也不能照被动语态去处理。事实上这头一句
话照汉语是"我高兴地听到……"这虽带点欧化，但目前也通行了。最常见的恐怕还是"听到……我高兴"。无论如何。汉语说"高兴"，不能如那样用被动语态。
4．关于阻塞、拖延：
we’re been held up by fog． _____ ald
the mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ald
the train was delayed two hours． _____ald
i was hindered from getting here．____ald
the harbour was blocked by ice．_____ald
这第二句ald英汉双解本译成"山路被落下石头所阻塞"。严格地说这句译文似乎欠流
畅，尤其不能用于口语。当然，凡是阻力，总是外来的阻力，施于受事的主语，主语处于被动地位，但汉语不能采取的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。
5、关于习惯
he is quite used to hard work．____ald
this is not the kind of treatment i am accustomed to． _____ald
he is addicted to smoking． _____ald
the old soldier was inured to danger． ____ldce
he is given to long walks． _____ldce
中有些动词，由于常用于被动语态，词典中对它们的分词（participle）形式另立专条著录，成为独立的词，其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如，词典一般既有use这一专条（不定式动词），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有give，又有given。但如inure及addict，在 ald上只注明"常用于被动"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted专条，其他词典也大体是这样，虽然addicted还可以作为形容词，看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质，在上面的句子中却具有被动语态的作用。
6．关于苦恼、心烦意乱
he was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ald
she is easily upset emotionally．____ald
he was vexed at his failure． ____ ald
he was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ald
i felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____ldce
苦恼等情绪当然是引起的，因此中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句she is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。
7．关于惊讶或震惊
i was astonished to see him there． ____ald
i’m surprised he didn’t come．_____ald
he was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ald
he was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ald
he was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ald
一个正常的人无故不会大惊小怪。但是我们说"吃惊"、"大吃一惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……大吃一惊"等也就够了，不
同于的被动表现形式。
8．关于围绕、包围
his land is fenced with barbed wire．____ald
troy was besieged by the greeks for ten years．_____ald
the troops were surrounded．_____ald
the cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____ldce
japan is compassed about by the ocean．____ldce
对于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，汉语是可以用"被包围"这类说法的，但对第一句的"is fenced with，"如说"有篱笆围住"就行了，不一定要说"被用篱笆围住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。我们通常说：应该用栏杆围起来"，或"应该把它用栏杆围起来"，而不是"应该被用栏杆围起来"。
9．关于玷污、污染
his reputation is tarnished．_____ald
my car was mired． ____ ald
the river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ ldce
your fingers are stained with ink．
that cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被动语态。我们说，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10．关于惶惑、慌乱
i was confounded to hear that． ____ald
they sked so many questions that i got confused． _____ald
tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ald
he was puzzled what to do next． ____ ald
the cabinet ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。
综观以上的例子，我们觉得中国学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情况下，一定比汉语更常用被动语态；要留心哪些动词是这样用的，哪些动词虽有各种不同用法，但专指某一特殊意义时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态，几乎习语化了，也是不可忽视的，如下面两个句子：
my hints were lost upon him．___ ald
my advice was thrown away upon him．___ald
下面这类以it开头的被动语态，初学者不会使用的大有人在，以致语言死板，并违反习惯。
it is observed that…
it may be observed that…
it will be observed that…
it remains to be observed that…
如此等等。他们只知说we may observe that…之类，因为这与汉语结构接近。
短语动词的被动语态
中的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，因此也可构成被动语态。
短语动词被看成一个整体，是固定词组，所以构成被动语态时不可分开。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构
成方法相同。如：
1．动词+介词
he will be operated on by
the best surgeon． 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。
this matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔细调查。
he is often laughed at by his classmates． 他经常被嘲笑。
2．动词 + 副词
these problems have been seriously thought over． 这些问题已得到认真考虑。
the lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11点钟关灯。
the fire was soon put out． 那场大火很快被扑灭。
3．动词+副词+介词
these privileges should be done away with． 此类特权应该被取消。
women were looked down upon in the past． 妇女过去受到歧视。
the lost time must be made up for. 失去的时间必须补回来。
4．动词+名词+介词
the children have been taken good care of． 这些孩子得到了很好的照料。
what they did have been paid great attention to． 他们所做的一切已得到极大的关注。
time is precious and should be made full use of. 时间宝贵，应该充分利用。
语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。
语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。
例如：we clean the room every day.
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。
例如：the room is cleaned every day.
2:被动语态的各种形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：i’m asked to take care of myself.
eg：football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：this book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：the prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：a road is being built around the mountain.
eg：many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：this house was built in 1958.
eg2：his leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：a new school had been set up by the end of last year.
eg2：when the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when i was there.
eg2：we were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：more factories will be built in our city.
eg2：he will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：the project will have been completed before july.
eg2：your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：he told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：he told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主动形式表示被动意义
1）及物动词的不及物用法：主语通常是物，且有着某种内在的特点。句子简短，且一定有付词。
eg1：some silks wash well.
eg2：the pen writes smoothly.
eg3：the poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：the shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：the paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：the plays won`t act.
eg2：his novels don`t sell.
eg3：the door won`t open.
3)某些日常用语，谓语是进行时态
eg1：the dinner is cooking.
eg2：the cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：the book is printing.
eg4：he paid all that was owing（欠的钱他都还了）.
4）谓语是不及物动词或连系动词。
eg1：the flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
被动语态1：中语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。
语态的作用：语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明主语和谓语之间的关系。
语态的选用：如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语用主动语态。
例如：we clean the room every day.
如果主语是动作的承受者，或者说是动作的对象，谓语则是要用被动语态。
例如：the room is cleaned every day.
2:被动语态的各种形式
1) am/is/are +done
eg：i’m asked to take care of myself.
eg：football is played all over the world.
2）has /have been done
eg：this book has been translated into many foreign languages.
eg：the prices of many goods have been cut again .
3）am/is /are being done
eg：a road is being built around the mountain.
eg：many new houses are being built in this city.
4） was/were done
eg1：this house was built in 1958.
eg2：his leg was broken in an accident.
5） had been done
eg1：a new school had been set up&nbs
p;by the end of last year.
eg2：when the anthem had been played the conference began.
6) was/were being done
eg1： meeting was being held when i was there.
eg2：we were being trained this time last year.
7) shall/will be done
eg1：more factories will be built in our city.
eg2：he will be taken to hospital tomorrow.
8) shall/will have been done
eg1：the project will have been completed before july.
eg2：your clothes shall have been made for you soon.
9) should/would be done
eg1：he told me that his new cloths would be made by his mother.
10) should/would have been done
eg1：he told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.
3:主动形式表示被动意义
1）及物动词的不及物用法：主语通常是物，且有着某种内在的特点。句子简短，且一定有付词。
eg1：some silks wash well.
eg2：the pen writes smoothly.
eg3：the poem reads fluently（流利地）.
eg4：the shoes wear well（很耐穿）.
eg5：the paper tears easily.
2)否定句
eg1：the plays won`t act.
eg2：his novels don`t sell.
eg3：the door won`t open.
3)某些日常用语，谓语是进行时态
eg1：the dinner is cooking.
eg2：the cakes are baking（烘烤）.
eg3：the book is printing.
eg4：he paid all that was owing（欠的钱他都还了）.
4）谓语是不及物动词或连系动词。
eg1：the flowers look beautiful.
eg2：what he said sounds reasonable.
eg3：the roses smell sweet.
eg4：the medicine tastes bitter.
eg5：the cloth feels soft.
eg6：the door blew open.
eg7：the road measures 50 feet across.
eg8：sheep feed chiefly on grass.
4:练习
1).put the following sentences into the passive voice (by phrase may be omitted)
1.people speak english in many countries.
2.we built this bridge last year.
3.the tiger in the z00 frightened the little girl.
4.xiao liu has invited you to a lunch party.
5.you must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.
6.we shall discuss the problem at tomorrow’s meeting.
7.has anybody fed the birds?
8.people will never forget the accident.
9.you may write this letter in pencil.
10.they are repairing the car in the garage.
11.someone must have turned on the light without your notice.
12.they have found ways to make waste water clean.
13.someone must take care of the children when we go out.
14.they won’t hold the meeting until next friday.
15.they gave him a medal for his wonderful work.
16.the doctor will ask the patient some questions before he gives her medicine.
17.they made the young man head of the volleyball team.
18.someone will tell you how to prepare for the examination.
19.they criticized me for something wrong that i had done.
20.someone has taken the stranger to another hospital.
21.it surprised me to hear that they wouldn’t give him a holiday after his hard work.
22.people oughtn’t to criticize her for this matter.
23.people will
laugh at you if you wear that dress.
24.they ought to have told you how much money you needed.
25.i have told him that he didn’t satisfy his examiner.
26.we must finish the work by six o’clock this afternoon.
27.do you often clean your room?
28.they are making this type of radios in shanghai.
29.could you carry out the plan on time?
30.we must pay attention to such problems.
31.someone is showing them how to operate the computers.
32.you should put forward(提出)the questions at the meeting.
33.they used to practise speaking english together.
34.he is sure to finish the job by then.
35.she is going to play the match today.
36.people are talking about the incident all over the town.
37.we saw a bus running towards us at that time
38.they elected her leader of the group.
39.they had to put off the sports meet because of the rain.
40.we don’t have to write it in such a hurry.
2).make the best choice:
窗体顶部
41.our house_____,
a.is getting paint b.is getting painted c.is got painted d.has got to paint
42.he arrived in beijing,where he_____his friend.
a.was met by b.was met c.was meeting d.met by
43.the war_____in 1937
a.was broken out b.had been broken out c.has broken out d.broke out
44.the mistakes in the exercises will_____the teacher.
a.cross b.be crossing c.be crossed by d.cross by
45.my brother and i have __________her birthday party.
a.been invited b.been invited for c.invited to d.been invited to
46.it_______this way
a.is had to do b.is had to be done c.had to be done d.has to do
47.it__this way.
a used to do b.used to be done c.is used to do d.is used to doing
48._____chaplin.
a.the child’s name was called b.the child’s name calls c.the child calls d.the child is named
49.the sports meeting____ .
a.is put off b.is to put off c.is to be put off d.puts off
50.mary realized she_________
a.was making fun of b.was made fun c.was being made fun of d.was being made fun
51.______to say a thing in that way
a.it is considers wrong b.it is considered wrong c.it is considered it’s wrong d.it is consiedring wrong
52.he ordered that the books_______at once.
a.would be printed b.would print c.be printed d.print
53.the story______in china.
a.was taken place b.was happened c.took place d.has been taken place
54.the house_____my parents
a.is belong to b.belong to c.belongs to d.is belonged to
55.he_______by his teacher.
a.happened to see b.was happened to see c.happened to be seen d.was happened to be seen
56.great changes_____in our province.many tall buildings __________.
a.have been taken place, have been set&n
bsp;up b.have taken place, have been set up
c.have been taken place, have been set up d.were taken place, were set up
57.the hall’s____but it’s not yet____with lamps.
a.furnished, finished b.been finished, been furnished c.being finished, being furnished d.set up, full
58.the new hall is the tallest building in this town.
_____from here?
a.can it see b.can it be seen c.can it seen d.can see
59.as soon as we got to the airport,we found that the plane_____.
a.had already taken off b.already took off c.was already taking off d.was already taken off
60. some of the hotels in my hometown_________.
a.have now been rebuilding b.are now rebuilding
c.are now being rebuilt d.are rebuilt now
(answers to the questions: badcd,cbdac,bcccc,bbbac )
怎样学习被动语态 英语动词被动语态在语法书上都有详略不同的交代，但大都着重它的构成形式，例证则往往不够。这种语态似乎在英语句子中比在汉语句子中更多出现，这点是我国初学者所经常忽略的。在某些句子中，总是用被动语态、而汉语则绝不能用，如：
shakespeare was born in 1564．/moliere was born in paris．
初学的人接触到这样被动语态的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因为我们在汉语中惯于说"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于
巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，从来不说一个人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中，可用主动及被动两种语态，汉语则倾向于用主动，如：
everybody likes him．/he is liked by everybody．
汉语"人人喜欢他"看来比"他被人人喜欢"更现成和自然。有人以为这有一个强调的问题，用作主语的词是加以强调的。即
令如此，按照结构写成的"他被大家喜欢"这样的句子，总是别扭。
下面就十个类别，举出一些句子，说明某些动词用于某一意义或在某一场合中常作被动语态。类别当然不能只是十个，这
儿仅举常见的。每个类别下也只举五个句子，句子中的动词彼此不一样。为方便起见，句子首先采用大家熟知的 the advanced
learner’s dictionary of current english（ald），其次是 longman dictionary of contemporary english（ldce），必要时从其他英美书刊补充少数句子，但不注明出处。
1．关于生病
the left lung is affected． _____ald
he is confined to the house by illness． ____ ald
he was seized with sudden chest pains． ____ldce
he’s been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____ldce
john was invalided out of the army．
上面这些句子中被动语态在中很习惯化，如将动词改为主动语态，有不同程度的不顺。用汉语表达这些句子中的同样的概
念，就可以不一定用被动语态。
2．关于疲倦困乏
he was doneup afterthe long ride． ald
he was knocked up after the longsteen climb． _____ ald
he was almost fagged out． ______ ald
i’m completely exhausted．____ldce
i was spent with the fatigue of the voyage．
汉语说"累了"、"累垮了"极普通。如说由于某种原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在结构上不用被动语态。这和第一类的例子是一致的。
3．关于喜悦、高兴
i was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ald
we’re very pleased to see you here．_____ald
on hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ald
she was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ald
the children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ald
汉语如说"被高兴"，将不成文理，说"使……高兴"或"为……高兴"，那也不能照被动语态去处理。事实上这头一句
话照汉语是"我高兴地听到……"这虽带点欧化，但目前也通行了。最常见的恐怕还是"听到……我高兴"。无论如何。汉语说"高兴"，不能如那样用被动语态。
4．关于阻塞、拖延：
we’re been held up by fog． _____ ald
the mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ald
the train was delayed two hours． _____ald
i was hindered from getting here．____ald
the harbour was blocked by ice．_____ald
这第二句ald英汉双解本译成"山路被落下石头所阻塞"。严格地说这句译文似乎欠流
畅，尤其不能用于口语。当然，凡是阻力，总是外来的阻力，施于受事的主语，主语处于被动地位，但汉语不能采取的被动语态形式而完全不加变动。
5、关于习惯
he is quite used to hard work．____ald
this is not the kind of treatment i am accustomed to． _____ald
he is addicted to smoking． _____ald
the old soldier was inured to danger． ____ldce
he is given to long walks． _____ldce
中有些动词，由于常用于被动语态，词典中对它们的分词（participle）形式另立专条著录，成为独立的词，其功能相当于形容词。以上例句中的动词就是典型的例子。例如，词典一般既有use这一专条（不定式动词），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有give，又有given。但如inure及addict，在 ald上只注明"常用于被动"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted专条，其他词典也大体是这样，虽然addicted还可以作为形容词，看成是独立的词条。然而不管这些词是否带有形容词的性质，在上面的句子中却具有被动语态的作用。
6．关于苦恼、心烦意乱
he was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ald
she is easily upset emotionally．____ald
he was vexed at his failure． ____ ald
he was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ald
i felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____ldce
苦恼等情绪当然是引起的，因此中的被动语态似乎说明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句she is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。
7．关于惊讶或震惊
i was astonished to see him there． ____ald
i’m surprised he didn’t come．_____ald
he was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ald
he was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ald
he was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ald
一个正常的人无故不会大惊小怪。但是我们说"吃惊"、"大吃一惊"或"使……吃惊"和"使……大吃一惊"等也就够了，不
同于的被动表现形式。
8．关于围绕、包围
his land is fenced with barbed wire．____ald
troy was besieged by the greeks for ten years．_____ald
the troops were surrounded．_____ald
the cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____ldce
japan is compassed about by the ocean．____ldce
对于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，汉语是可以用"被包围"这类说法的，但对第一句的"is fenced with，"如说"有篱笆围住"就行了，不一定要说"被用篱笆围住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，的被动语态在汉语中也难以表达。我们通常说：应该用栏杆围起来"，或"应该把它用栏杆围起来"，而不是"应该被用栏杆围起来"。
9．关于玷污、污染
his reputation is tarnished．_____ald
my car was mired． ____ ald
the river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ ldce
your fingers are stained with ink．
that cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意义近似的动词如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被动语态。我们说，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10．关于惶惑、慌乱
i was confounded to hear that． ____ald
they sked so many questions that i got confused． _____ald
tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ald
he was puzzled what to do next． ____ ald
the cabinet ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七两类联系起来看。
综观以上的例子，我们觉得中国学英语不只是要记住动词被动语态的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情况下，一定比汉语更常用被动语态；要留心哪些动词是这样用的，哪些动词虽有各种不同用法，但专指某一特殊意义时一定用被动形式。有些特殊被动语态，几乎习语化了，也是不可忽视的，如下面两个句子：
my hints were lost upon him．___ ald
my advice was thrown away upon him．___ald
下面这类以it开头的被动语态，初学者不会使用的大有人在，以致语言死板，并违反习惯。
it is observed that…
it may be observed that…
it will be observed that…
it remains to be observed that…
如此等等。他们只知说we may observe that…之类，因为这与汉语结构接近。
短语动词的被动语态
中的被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。有些短语动词在意义上相当于及物动词，因此也可构成被动语态。
短语动词被看成一个整体，是固定词组，所以构成被动语态时不可分开。其被动语态构成方法与普通的及物动词的被动语态的构
成方法相同。如：
1．动词+介词
he will be operated on by
the best surgeon． 他将由最好的外科医生给他动手术。
this matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔细调查。
he is often laughed at by his classmates． 他经常被嘲笑。
2．动词 + 副词
these problems have been seriously thought over． 这些问题已得到认真考虑。
the lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11点钟关灯。
the fire was soon put out． 那场大火很快被扑灭。
3．动词+副词+介词
these privileges should be done away with． 此类特权应该被取消。
women were looked down upon in the past． 妇女过去受到歧视。
the lost time must be made up for. 失去的时间必须补回来。
4．动词+名词+介词
the children have been taken good care of． 这些孩子得到了很好的照料。
what they did have been paid great attention to． 他们所做的一切已得到极大的关注。
time is precious and should be made full use of. 时间宝贵，应该充分利用。