限制性与非限制性定语从句四区别_高中英语
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有四大区别,现作简要介绍。
一、在句中作用不同
限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。
二、外在表现形式不同
限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
例 1. do you remember the girl who taught us english?
你还记得教我们的那个女孩吗?
例 2. clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time.
钟是一种能够告诉人们时间的仪器。
例 3. this is the place where he used to live.
这就是他过去居住的地方。
例 4. mr. zhang, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。
例 5. we walked down the village street, where they were having market day.
我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。
析:在前三个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在后两个例句中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。
三、先行词内容有所不同
大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。
例 1. a middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.
一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
析:由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。
例 2. a five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语,这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。
析:由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。
四、关系词的使用情况有所不同
(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句
所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。
例 1. 他送给他母亲一台彩电作为生日礼物,这使她非常高兴。
误: he gave his mother a color tv set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot.
正: he gave his mother a color tv set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.
例 2. 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。
误: he didn't pass the exam, that disappointed me.
正: he didn't pass the exam, which disappointed me.
值得注意的是,不少误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who , which 或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when , where 引导非限制性定语从句。
例 1. we'll graduate in july, when we will be free.
我们将于七月份毕业,到那时我们就自由了。
例 2. last sunday they reached nanjing, where a conference was to be held.
他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
(二)关系代词替代情况不同
关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom ,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。
例 1. this is the girl whom i met in the street.
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。
析:先行词 the girl 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom .
例 2. a young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress.
一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友,他想给她留下深刻的印象。
析:先行词 a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用 who 代替 whom .
在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/ whom ,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用 that 代替 who/whom .
例:她有一个姐姐,她是。
误: she has a sister, that is a teacher.
正: she has a sister, who is teacher.
(三)关系代词省略情况不同
关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。
例 1. this is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.
这就是他昨天丢的那本书。
析:先行词 the book 在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。
例 2. the book, which he lost yesterday, has been found.
他昨天丢了这本书,但现在已找到了。
析:先行词 the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 不可省。
[实战演练]
1. she heard a terrible noise, _________ brought her heart into her mouth.
a. it b. which c. this d. that
2. have you ever been to xi'an, _________ i left ten years ago.
a. which b. whose c. that d. /
3. the weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.
a. what b. which c. that d. it
4. his english, ________ used to be very poor is now excellent.
a. which b. that c. it d . whom
5. some of the roads were flooded, __________ makes our journey more difficult.
a. that b. it c. which d. who
6. i'll find a nice girl, _________ i want to marry.
a. who b. whom c. that d. which
7. i'll come at ten, ________ i'll be free.
a. which b. that c. when d. what
8. she has two brothers, _________ are teachers.
a. who b. that c. whom d. /
9. which answer is not true?
this is the factory ________ i visited yesterday.
a. that b. which c. / d. where
10. i still remember the days _________ i spent in beijing.
a. when b. what c. that d. during
key:
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. a 5. c
6. b 7. c 8. a 9. d 10. c