Art and literature教案4_高一英语教案

    语法说明:
    1) 定语从句
    (1) 定语从句是中学阶段语法中十分重要的一个语法项目。它在句子中出现的频率很高。对正确理解句子的意义起着举足轻重的作用。
    定语从句一般都紧跟在它所修饰名词后面,所以如果在名词或代词后面出现一个从句,就要根据它与前面名词或代词的逻辑关系来判断是否是定语从句。
    被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做“先行词”。引导定语从句的词叫“关系词”。关系词有两个作用:
    ① 引导定语从句。
    ② 代替先行词在其引导的定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
    理解和牢记这两条概念,弄清楚关系词在定语从句充当什么成分,是掌握定语从句的关键。
    在限定性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可以省略。
    例:there is still one thing which/that is not explained.(主语)
    this is the boy who came yesterday. (主语)
    this is the picture (which/that) he gave me. (宾语)
    the car which was following us seems to have disappeared. (主语)
    the woman whose daughter you met is mrs. brown. (定语)
    this is the boy (whom) we met last night. (宾语)
    屋顶被毁坏的房子已经被修好。
    ┏ whose roof
    the house  ┣ the roof of which     was damaged has now been repaired.
    ┗ of which the roof
    那就是他工作的大学。
    ┏ at which he works.
    ┣ which he works at. 
    that is the college     ┣ where he works.
    ┣ that he works at.
    ┗ he works at.
    他出生的那一天是1952年8月20日。
    ┏ on which he was born
    ┣ which he was born on
    the day   ┣ when he was born        was aug.20,1952.
    ┣ that he was born on
    ┗ he was born on
    他被解雇的原因不难解释。
    ┏ why he
    the reason  ┣ that he      was dismissed is not difficult to explain.
    ┗ he
    你提到的那个人时琼的爸爸。
    ┏ of whom you spoke
    the man ┣ whom you spoke of     is joan’s father.
    ┣ that you spoke of
    ┗ you spoke of
    (2)只用关系代词that 的情况:
    ① 先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,通常用关系代词that;
    this is the most interesting book that i have ever read.
    ② 先行词前有the first, the last, the only, the same, the very以及any, few, much, some, no等修饰时,通常用关系代词that;
    you are the very boy (that) i want.
    this is the last chance (that) you have. 这是你最后一次机会。
    he is the last person (that) i want to see. 他是我最不想见的人。
    please send us any information (that) you have about the subject.
    ③ 先行词是much, little, none, all, any, no, everything, anything, nothing,等不定代词,通常用关系代词that;
    this is all (that) i know.
    there is nothing in the world that can frighten him.
    ④ 先行词由“人+物”构成时,通常用关系代词that;
    look at the boy and his sheep that are coming down the hill.
    the boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
    ⑤ 当主句中有who, which时,而定语从句中也要用到who或which时,为了避免who…who, which…which等重叠,定语从句用that引导。
    who is the man that is standing by the door?
    which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
    (3)限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
    限定性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。而非限定性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句不影响主句的意思完整。一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。不用关系代词that。非限定性定语从句的关系代词有时可以代表整个主句的含义,在非限定性定语从句中,作宾语的关系代词不能省略。
    例:the man who was driving the car was drunk. 开车的那人喝醉了。
    this is the place where the three roads meet.  这是三条路交汇的地方。
    the house whose windows are broken is mr. smith’s. 窗户破损的房子是史密斯先生的。
    i have two sisters, who are both students. 我有两个妹妹,她们都是。
    i have lost the pen, which i like very much.  我弄丢了那支钢笔,是我非常喜欢的那支。
    tom broke his eyeglasses, which made his mother quite angry. 汤姆打碎了自己的眼镜,这使他妈妈非常生气。(关系代词which代表汤姆打碎眼镜这件事)
    (4)引导的定语从句
    ① as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限定性定语从句,并在从句中作定语、表语或状语,构成the same…as…, such…as…等结构。
    例:i like the same book as you do. (作宾语)
    i shall do it in the same way as you did. (作状语)
    i want to have such a dictionary as he has. (作宾语)
    ② as引导非限定性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,这个定语从句是说明整个句子,它可以放在主句之前。
    例:as we all know, he studies very hard. (作宾语)
    eg:as is known to all, he is the best student in o

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