英语专业8级模拟试题（1）_TEM4试题
part Ⅰ listening comprehension［40 min.］
in sections a, b and c you will hear everything once only. listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. mark the correct response for each question on your coloured answer sheet.
section a talk
questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section.at the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. now listen to the talk.
1盩he speaker is.
a.a friend of abraham lincoln’sb.a writer who gives an account of abraham lincoln’s biography
c.abraham lincoln himself d.abraham lincoln’s autobiography
2盬hich of the following statements is true?
a.the speaker’s mother died when he was only ten years old.
b.the speaker’s father died when he was six years old.
c.the speaker and his family moved to indiana in his eighth year.
d.his grandfather was killed by indians in a battle.
3盬hat was required of a teacher in the speaker’s hometown?
a.no qualificationb.latin-understanding
c.experiences of traveling round the worldd.the basical ability to know how to read,write and compute arithmetically
4盬hich events provided much encouragement for abraham lincoln in his political career?
a.the black-hawk war and law-practicing.b.the black-hawk war and the missouri compromise.
c.farm work and law-practicing.d.law-practicing and the missouri compromise.
5盩he general tone of this talk can be described as.
a.haughty and sarcasticb.condescending and humble
c.domineering and aggressived.honest and confident
section b conversation
questions 6 to l0 are based on a coversation between jassie and pauline.at the end of the conversation you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. now listen to the conversation.
6盕rom the conversation we get the impression that.
a.jassie and pauline are classmates.b.jassie is an overseas student from america.
c.pauline and jassie are talking about a picture.d.they are having american geography.
7盬hat has jassie already known about white house?
a.white house is on the south side of pennsylvania ave.,washingten,d.c.,facing lafayette square.
b.the east and west terraces,the executive office,the east wing,and a penthouse and a bomb shetter are added to the main building.
c.it was designed by james hoban on a site chosen by george washington.
d.it is the oldest public building in washington.
8盬hich one is oval in shape in white house?
a.the east roomb.the red roomc.the blue roomd.the green room
9盬ho is the first president to live in white house?
a.theodore rooseveltb.john adamsc.george washingtond.thormas jefforson
10盇ccording to the conversation which statement about the name of&nb
sp;the white house is true?
a.it became official before president theodore roosevelt had it engraved upon his stationery.
b.it derives the name from the color of the building.
c.the building was restored after being burned in 1814,so the smoke-stained gray stone walls were painted white.
d.actually the cognomen“white house”was applied to the building some time before it was painted.
section c news brocdcast
questions 11 to 12 are based on the following news from the voa.at the end of the news item,you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions.now listen to the news.
11盩he general election will be held on.
a.fridayb.wednesdayc.thursdayd.monday
12盡ail and telegraph endorsed.
a.tony blairb.william haguec.the liberal democratsd.labor party
questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the bbc.at the end of the news item,you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions.
now listen to the news.
13盤alestinians say that
a.israeli prime minister is sincere to call for ceasefireb.sharon’s appeal to stop ongoing violence is a “lie”.
c.they believe this time will soon witness ceasefire.d.they feel relieved america supports ceasefire.
14盩he arafat aide thought that israeli prime minister calls for ceasefire because
a.sharon’s government aimed at alleviating international pressure on israel.
b.sharon’s government felt guilty of their excessive use of force.
c.sharon’s government is demanded by the united states to stop fire.
d.sharon’s government is opposed by its people.
15盇 roadside bomb exploded on israeli border with egypt late on tuesday,and then
a.israeli soldiers carried out the appeal to stop fire.
b.israeli soldiers continue to patrol under interim peace deals.
c.israeli soldiers returned fire.
d.israeli soldiers returned fire and soon initiated another fighting.
section d note-taking & gap-filling
in this section you will hear a mini-lecture.you will hear the lecture once only.while listening to the lecture,take notes on the important points.your notes will not be marked,but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on answer sheet one.use the blank paper for note-taking.
part Ⅱ proofreading & error correction［15 min.］
proofread the given passage on answer sheet two as instructed.
part Ⅲ reading comprehension［40 min.］
section a reading comprehension［30 min.］
in this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of fiften multiple 瞔hoice questions.read the passages and them mark your answer on you coloured answer sheet.
text a
brian harper:a priest
brian harper knows from personal experience how curious people are about priests and nuns. he began traini
ng to be a priest 20 years ago, straight from school, and although he left after two years he has never quite escaped the legacy. whenever he tells people about that period in his life they fire him with questions about what prompted him to consider that route in the first place.
there are the usual questions about coping with celibacy and the restrictions that this puts on personal relationships. but there is real curiosity, too, about why an“otherwise normal”person would take on such a life.
“there is a genuine interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life,”harper says,“the contrast has never been greater than it is now between the religious and secular paths.”many young people head for a life in the church,he says,after attending catholic schools where the emphasis is placed on religious observance,ritual and the importance of obedience and personal humility.but in today’s world it is becoming inceasingly difficult for such young people to ignore what is happening in the secular world behind the church.many priests and nuns have left the safety of the ordered religious life in the past couple of decades.but they have not done so without a struggle.harper can identify with the experience of those who leave.
“it is so much easier to join up than it is to quit,”he says.“it’s like in personal relationships,they’re easy enough to get into,but extricating yourself from one that’s not working or that you’re not happy with can be very difficult indeed.”
steven mc callanan,a parish priest,is frank about his life in church.he sums it up:“if you are prepared to see life in all its colour then go ahead,take orders.but don’t think it will be easy.i face problems every day.”
harper believes the religious life attracts a true cross-section of people,from the extrovert to the shy and retiring,although many are drawn by the church’s emphasis on ritual and performance.if one were to generalise,though,most priests have the kind of artistic temperaments that would “i know some brilliant men and women in the church,then i know some tried and disillusioned ones and some who are struggling with their own kind of personol demons,”says harper. he says it is a shame that the catholic community has traditionally put priests on a pedestal,“up there with god”,whereas in fact they are just like everyone else:flawed and vulnerable, make them good actors or performance poets-and social drinkers.
“being a priest just happens to be a career,admittedly a specialised one and one that demands a certain range of qualities.but priests are just as frail and weak as the rest of us.”
harper has made a television programme about priests,monks and nuns in the catholic church.the message he
;gave to those who took part in his documentary was:“we are not trying to trip you up or make you appear strange or foolish.we are just trying to answer what we think are some generally asked questions about your attitudes,your dilemmas,and the kinds of lives you lead.”it makes fascinating viewing. 16盬hich title is a proper replacement of the original one?
a.a wonderful choice to be a priest. b. the religious path can be difficult to follow.
c.to lead a spiritual life. d.to live a religious life.
17盉rian harper wants to be a priest for the reason that
a.these are so few young men who prefer to emphasize religious observance,ritual and the importance of obedience and personal humility.
b.his parents thought that it was the legacy for him to take the religious path.
c.he has a sincere interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life.
d.he has been considered an abnormal person who takes on such a life.
text b
basketball hero retires
chicago's most famous figure before the 1980s was the gangster,al“scarface”capone.but in the last two decades chicago bulls basketball star michael jordan has knocked the legendary crime boss from his pedestal.almost single-handedly,jordan turned chicago's image on its head,as the city on the shore of lake michigan moved from crime capital to basketball capital of america.jordan is widely regarded as the sports greatest player,and his retirement announcement in early 1999 came as a blow to the sport and to his millions of fans in america and around the world.
his athleticism and fierce competitiveness frightened his opponents,but his graciousness made him an american and international icon.he is most famous as the face of nike,the athletics shoe and clothing company whose products he has endorsed for the past decade.
jordan quickly became a multi-millionaire,thanks to lucrative product endorsement deals such as his nike promotion.as his fortune grew he put money back into the community,creating a foundation to fund athletics facilities and other projects for children from the inner city of chicago,his adopted home.jordan is reported to be the celebrity with whom most american children feel most comfortable,and american adults once placed him fifth on a list of all-time“most respected newsmakers.”
but not everyone thought well of him.some critics said he set a bad example,on and off the basketball court.he gambled;sometimes he mocked opponents during game and when the nike company was accused of unfair labour practices,he virtually ignored the controversy.certain black americans accused him of dismissing less fortunate blacks,many of whom could not afford the expensive shoes marketed by nike under the “air jordan”brand.
his easy charm ensured that he remained popular with the vast majority of basketball supporters,despite these criticisms.and none of those who criticised his behavior could do the same when it came to his athletic performance.nobody could undermine his achievements.
jordan was born on february 17,1963,is 1.98 meters tall and weighs 98kg.college players of the year in 1983-4,he joined the struggling chicago bulls team for the 1984 season.by the next year,the bulls had started a winning streak.in the 1986 season jordan shot 3041 points,the third-highest score ever.in 1987 he was named the national basketball association (nba) slam dunk champion.he first won the most valuable player award in 1988,an honour repeated four times in the 10 years to 1998.he guided his team to six championship wins during the 1990s,scoring 45 points during the sixth and last game of the 1998 nba finals including the winning point in the game's closing seconds.
over his career,jordan captured 10 consecutive scoring titles.his jumping ability at goal was matched by excellent court and team play.jordan retired from the club and the game in 1993,in pursuit of a dream to play basketball,but he returned to the baketball court and the chicago bulls in 1995.
in 1996 he was named one of the 50 greatest players in history.
18盇ccording to this text which of the following statements is true?
a.michael jordan was born on february 17,1963 in chicago.
b.michael jordan earned millions of dollars as the smiling face of nike,the athletics shoe and clothing company.
c.everyone sang high praise of michael jordan because of his athletics and fierce competitiveness and his graciousness.
d.over his career,michael jordan captured 10 consecutive defending titles.
19盬hat made michael jordan popular with different kinds of people despite those criticisms of his be
haviour outside the basketball court?
a.his athletic performance.b.his easy charm.c.his financial achievements.d.his outstanding nike promotion.
text c
the land of disney
predicting the future is always risky.but it's probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the 20th-century as america's“disney era.”today,it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern america as powerfully as the company that created mickey mouse.globally,brands like coca-cola and mcdonalds may be more widely-known,but neither encapsulates 20th-century america in quite the same way as disney.
the reasons for disney's success are varied and numerous,but ultimately the credit belongs to one person—the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing,walt disney.ironically,he could not draw particularly well.but he was a genius in plenty of other respects.in business,his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability.after setting himself up in hollywood,he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising-something his company still does brilliantly today.
but what really distinguished disney was his ability to identify with his audiences.disney always made sure his films championed the “little guy,”and made him feel proud to be american.this he achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of the ordinary people.some celebrated american achievements — disney's very first cartoon plane crazy, featuring a silent mickey house,was inspired by charles lindbergh's flight acorss the atlantic.others,like the three little pigs and snow white and the seven dwarves,showed how,through hard work and helping one's fellow man,ordinary americans could survive social and economic crises like the great depression.
disney's other great virtue was the fact that his company—unlike other big corporations—had a human face.his hollywood studio—the public heard—operated just like a democracy,where everyone was on first-name terms and had a stay in how things should be run.he was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons celebrate america,but,during world warⅡ,his studios made training films for american soldiers.
the reality,of course,was less idyllic.as the public would later learn,disney's patriotism had an unpleasant side.after a strike by cartoonists in 1941,he became convinced that hollywood had been infiltrated by communists.he agreed to work for the fbi as a mole,identifying and spying on colleagues whom he suspected were subversives.
but,apart from his affiliations with the fbi,disney was more or less the genuine article.a new book,the magic kingdom:walt disney and the american way of life,by steven watts,confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary americans—in the 30s and 40s he voted for franklin rovsevelt,believing he was a champion of the workers.also,disney was not an apologist for the fbi,as some have suggested.in fact,he was always suspicious of large,bureaucratic organisations,as is evidenced in films like that darned cat,in which he portrayed fbi agents as bungling incompetents.
by the time he died in 1966,walt disney was an icon like thomas edison and the wright brothers.to business people and filmmakers,he was a role model;to the public at large,he was“uncle walt”—the man who had entertained them all their lives,the man who represented all that was good about america.
in the 30-old years since his death,not much has changed.in 1986,he was attacked as a mccarthyist,a supporter of big business,and a purveyor of“subliterate”entertainment.however,none of it has made any difference to the general public.their loyalty to uncle walt remains as strong as ever.
20盬hat is the most distinguished feature of disney?
a.disney was created and built by a person who drew cartoons and set up a company from nothing.
b.disney films were able to reflect the hopes and fears of ordinary people.
c.disney had affiliation with the fbi.
d.disney respected the rights belonging to everyone and possessed the democratic atmosphere.
21盬alt disney became an icon after his death not because
a.he was a role model to business people and filmmakers.b.he could entertain the public at large all their lives.
c.he was a purveyor of“subliterate”entertainment.d.he could represent all that was good about america.
text d
zero tolerance
new york was once the murder capital of the world.but its urban canyons are no longer the killing fields that earned the city its unenviable title.the annual death ,which soared to a record high of 2.245 in 1990,dropped to 760 in 1997.the last time the murder rate was as low as that was 30 years previously in 1967,the year of peace and love and the flowering of hippiedom.
with the decrease in killing ha
s come a marked reduction in enthusiasm for other crime,such as burglaries,robberies and shootings.the old saying,crime doesn't pay,has taken on new life,thanks to hard-line policing introduced by mayor rudolph giuliani in 1994.its success has been such that giuliani,elected five years ago on a law and order platform,confidently says his city can now be seen as a leader in crime fighting.such a claim would once have been uimaginable,but the zero-tolerance policing policy introduced by giuliani and the two men he appointed to run the city's police force,former commissioner with bratton and former deputy commissioner john timoney,has turned the mean streets into clean streets.
new york's policing is based on a 1983 paper called“broken windows,”written by american academics janes wison and george kelling,which suggested a clamp-down on low-level crime as a way of lowering all crime.if a broken window in an apartment block was not fixed,it was a sign that no one cared.soon more windows would be broken and a sense of lawlessness engendered,encouraging others to commit more crime.cleaning up minor crime on the streets was like fixing broken windows,it said,and the flow-on effect would curb more serious crime.
new yorkers voted for a special tax to raise about us 1 billion (rmb 8.2 billion) to fight crime and another 7,000 officers were added to the force.the responsibility for ways of fighting crime devolved from a centralised bureaucracy to precinct commanders,and police used computers to track and target crime trends more easily.
this resulted in a much harder attitude against all crime,“zero tolerance”being the policy of not allowing or tolerating even the smallest crimes.these included begging,minor drug dealing, taggers,turnstile jumpers in the subways and all forms of anti-social behaviour on the streets.timoney uses turnstile jumpers as an illustration of the broken windows theory at work.police found that 22 percent of turnstile jumpers were wanted for other crimes or were able for arrest because they carried guns.“we arrested one man simply for jumping a 1 turnstile and found that he was a drug dealer carrying cocaine and 50,000 in his pockets,”says timoney.
new york's transformation attracted global attention and cost bratton and timoney their jobs.they were both sacked by giuliani,who felt they were stealing his glory.timoney has since acted as a consultant to police throughout the world,preaching the benefits of zero-tolerance policing.
ironically,bratton,the former boston beat cop who rose to head now york's finest,evidently doesn't like the term zero-tolerance because he thinks it implies a lack of tolerance for any deviation from social norms.critics of new york policing say that intolerance is exactly what zero-tolerance policing encourages.they point out that urban crime has fallen right across the united states in the past five years not just in new york,and even in states where zero-tolerance policing is not practised,while the country's jail population has dramatically increased. shifts in the nature of america's population ages and character have reduced the number of yound men (aged 18-24) most likely to best involved in crime.crime is also reduced when many more criminals are in jail.
criminologist greg newbold says that crime rates spiral up and down in unexplained cycles and they are no easy solutions to reducing crime.together sentences and more police mean an increasing drain on tax-payers and there is no certainty that they will continue to lower crime levels.criminals will learn to live with those methods and find ways around them.
charles pollard,the chief constable of thames valley in britain,calls zero-tolerance policing a short-term care that works well in urban areas with large amounts of petty crime.once petty crime is brought under control,he told the economist, sharp drops in crime will diminish.observers say the drop in new york crime had to come with the introduction of almost any new tough police policy,because the crime rate was so high.
police association president greg o'connor agrees.“you can talk all the theories you like but,at the end of the day,what will stop criminals from committing crime is the belief that they will be caught.with only 18 percent of burglaries are being solved,and most of them don't believe they will be caught,burglary becomes something of a risk-free occupation.”
however,criminologist newbold argues that zero-tolerance policing is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers.accusations that new york police harassed minorities were heightened last year when two white new york policemen were charged with the beating and sexual torture of asian immigrant abner louima,and two other white officers were charged with assaulting him in a police car.one policeman allegedly told louima,“it's giuliani time.”
but
terious zeitgeist of where people want to be,”says john browning,editor-in-chief of wired magazine.the company had brilliant branding,too.“it's a great name,”says david tabizel,noting the play on words with siberia,the vast,desolate region in the north of russia.another advantage,say analysts,is the company's decision not to open clones of its original restaurant in each new location.every cyberia is tailored to its city's needs.
it is doubtful that anything would have come of the idea if pascoe had not been behind it from the start.she has been described variously as“weird and intense”,“a magnificent self-publicist”,“very charismatic,very smart”,“a pioneer in integrating people and technology”;“an evangelist for the internet”.she is,indeed,an unstoppable force of nature.“i don't need that much sleep,”she says,in her slightly broken english,downing another black coffee.“around four or five hours is enough for me.”
possessions tie her down.“my security is my knowledge…because information changes so quiekly and i get so much input from the net,i have to keep my home life simple.my apartment is full of white walls…there's nothing to distract me.”she gets online at 7 a.m.,works weekends,is rarely home before midnight.she can't remember her last holiday.even on weekend trips to see friends in spain and get some sun she takes her laptop.she has a contract for a book on interfaces;she is trying to write up her ph.d. thesis on human computer interaction.“i don't usually eat until the evening,”she says.“i find it distracts my energy.”
25盬hich one has not been developed at cyberia according to the text?
a.the cyberia magazine.b.an online dating agency.c.cyberia records.d.cyberia supermarket.
26盬hat is the particular way of cyberia?
a.cyberia is built by a woman who grew up in rigidly communist poland.
b.cyberia is a restaurant chain spreading all over the world.
c.cyberia is able to capture the mysterious zeitgeist of where people want to be.
d.cyberia boasts many different kinds of businesses.
27盚ow do people evaluate eva pascoe?
a.a very charismatic and smart businesswoman.b.a conformist.
c.a supporter of knowledge.d.a pioneer in combining technology and money-making.
text f
how many words in your dictionary
if you are going to buy a dictionary,then the number of words that the dictionary contains may be a measure of comparison that you will use in deciding which dictionary to choose.and you would think that the question posed in the title would have a quite straight forward answer.after all,a dictionary is defined as“a reference book that consists of an alphabetical list of words…”(collins english dictionary,1979).but the answer is,unfortunately,not so simple.
for one thing,dictionaries rarely tell you how many ‘words’they contain.for another,the alphabetical list of‘headwords’is likely to include more than just words.included as headwords in the alphabetical sequence in many dictionaries today you will find:
·abbreviations,e.g.do.for‘ditto’,d.o.b.for‘date of bith’;
·affixes and combining forms,e.g.dia-prefix meaning‘through’(as in diachronicence suffix (as in emergence),neo-combining form meaning‘new’(as in neologism),-onym combining form meaning ‘name’(as in pseudonym);
·open compounds,written as two or more separate words,without hyphenation,e.g. love feast,low tide,lunar month,male chauvinist pig.
you will also find,in some dictionaries,proper names of people and places,often called‘encyclopedic entries’.these all contribute to any count of headwords.
the collins concise english dictionary (1982) claims to contain 53,000 headwords;the longman concise english dictionary (1985) says it has “over 50,000”headwords;and the larger longman dictionary of the english language (1984) claims“over 90,000”headwords.in none of these dictionaries are proper names included.there would seem to be some measure of comparison between these dictionaries at least,even though they are rare among modern dictionaries in giving a count of headwords.but we need to be sure that the dictionaries all have the same policy on what a headword is.they do not.if a word belongs to more than one word class (e.g.noun and verb,like bottle,or adjective,adverb,noun and verb,like clean),then the long man dictionaries have as many headwords as there are word classes to which the word belongs (two for bottle,four for clean),while the collins dictionary has only one headword for each item.
more often a dictionary will give a count of the ‘references’or ‘entries’that it contains.the collions concise (1982) claims “96,000 vocabulary references”,increased to “125,000 references”by the third edition (1992);the longman concise (1985) claims“100,000 entries”,the concuise oxford dictionary (8th edition,1990)“120,000 entries”,chambers english dictionary (1988)“190,000 references”,collin
s english dictionary (1979)“162,000 references”,increased to 170,000 in the 2nd edition (1986),and to 180,000 in the 3rd edition (1991).the longman dictionary of the english language (1984,2nd edition 1991) does not give a reference count all these figures are,of course,estimates,based on a count of a sample of pages.
what are dictionaries counting when they give a count of ‘reference’or ‘entries’?the concise oxford dictionary (8th edition,1990) adds this gloss to its claims of 120,000 entries:“including compounds,phrases,derivatives,and a generous coverage of inflections.”as sidney landau explains in his book dictionaies:the art and craft of lexicography (cup 1989),this method of counting what is in a dictionary derives from american practice,and it is “a system designed to maximize the number of entries one can claim”(p.84).dictionaries are allowed to claim as an entry:
·the headword
·any additional word class to which the word belongs and hat is defined separately
·the inflected forms that are given (usually irregular plurals of nouns or past tenses and past participles of verbs,and regular inflections that cause spelling problems)
·run-on derivatives,usually without definition,such as clarinettist under clarinet.
·idioms or other fixed expressions included under a headword,such as take the bull by the horns under bull.
·variant forms,such as repellant for repellent.
·words give in lists,usually at the bottom of the page,which are derived by means of a prefix like self-or un-
in fact,an entry is almost any item that is given a bold typeface.clearly,there are various ways in which a publisher could inflate the entry count in a dictionary.
there is one further count that some dictionaries give to indicate their size and coverage:that of definitions or meanings.this is the only count that the longman dictionary of the english language (2nd edition,1991) gives:it claims“over 220,000 meanings.”the first edition (1984) claimed “almost a quarter of a million definitions.”the third edition of collins english dictionry (1991) says it has “190,000 numbered definitions”—the first two editions did not give a definition count chambers english dictionary (1988) claims to have “265,000 definitions.”among the concise dictionaries,the longman concise (1985) claims“100,000 definition.”the definition count will always be higher than any of the others;because many words,especially common ones,are multiply polysemous.the entry for the transitive verb take in the longman dictionary (1991),for example,has numbered definitions up to 20,but many of these have subdivisions,giving a total of 66‘meanings.’dictionaries do not,however,necessarily make the same analysis of the meanings of a word.for example,the adjective plain has 10 numbered definitions in collins english dictionary (1986);the numbering goes up to 9 in the longman dictionary (1991),though with subdivisions the total comes to 14;and in chambers (1988),where the meanings are not numbered,there are 32 definitions separated by the chambers' convention of a colon.
what all this goes to show is that counts of whatever kind are not a good measure of comparison between dictionaries,because the information they give is neither reliable nor comparable,such as the range of vocabulary covered,the layout of the dictionary,the accessibility of the information,and the attention given to contextual and social usage.
28盚ow many criteria can a dictionary have when a reader decides to choose one according to the author?
a. five b. six c. seven d. eight
29盚ow can a dictionary give a count of its‘entries’that it contains?
a.all the figures are calculated by computers. b.all the figures are estimates based on a count of a sample of pages.
c.all the figures are accurate and relizble because of special counting experts. d.all the figures are guessed by computers.
30盩he tone of the author is.
a.subjective and absolute b.objective and authoritative c.suspicious and unrational d.radical and negative
paper two
time limtt：［120 min.］
part Ⅳ translation ［60 min.］
section a chinese to english
translate the following underlined part of the text into english.write your translation on answer sheet three.
《白衣女人》不是一部侦探小说，而是一部神秘小说，但它带有很多侦探小说的成分，书中细致的描写，至今仍然非常引人入胜，因为人的头脑是很喜欢神秘故事，而且希望知道其结局的。这部小说写成以后，过了几年又写了《月亮宝石》，因此可以认为这是作者在正式写侦探小说之前先行的一步。如果我们来看一看威尔基·柯林斯为《白衣女人》第二版所拟的自序，会感到十分有趣，这篇序文写于1861年，他在序中对关于作家的职责提出 了一个论点，其主要内容，在另一位善于讲故事的作家于1948年所作的一次广播讲话里得到了发挥。柯林斯在序中写道：“我一向赞成一种现已过时的看法，那就是：写一本小说的主要目的应该是讲一个故事”。[u]将近九十年以后，毛姆在一次广播讲话里用自己的话重申了这个看法，并作了发挥。如果我没有理解错的话，毛姆先生说的是：人的头脑的基本构造之中具有一种东西，它非常喜欢甚至要求听人讲故事，讲一个开头、中间、结尾都齐全的故事。他还说，现代有些作家过分热衷于剖析心理和进行论证，忽视讲故事要注意完整性这一重要特点，结果使得侦探故事普遍趋于一般化。我感到这两位十分不同的作家所作的精辟论断相得益彰，都是很有启发的。柯林斯是要“讲一个故事”，就在这讲故事的过程中，他形成了侦探小说家所需要的条理性和善于作细致描写的本领。[/u]
section b english to chinese
translate the following underlined part of the text into chinese.write your translation on answer sheet three.
alice was a b-plus student through her first three years at college.during the winter holidays in her senior year,while she was driving during a storm,her car ran off the road and hit a tree.alice banged her head on the stearing stake but never lost consciousness.she was treated for bruises arel discharged from the hospital within a day.
but,back at her studies,she began to have difficulties.suddenly her as and bs were becomings. she had trouble remembering what she'd read and was initable and easily distracted.
[u]alice was referred to a neuropsychologist for further examination. although her iq hadn't changed and standard neurological tests were normal, detailed neuropsychological tests showed she was having memory problems. she could still process new information, but it took longer than before and she became “overloaded” if she tries to do too much at once.
head injuries are often fatal, or of sufficient seventy to require the hospitalization of victims. but there is a large group of people who sustain head injuries which can go undetected through ordinary medical examination. there are the people who seemingly recover from their injuries but still suffer subtle intellectual and behavioral effect that may seriously impair their ability to work and interact normally with other people. they are the victims of what experts call a “silent epidemic.” some never lost consciousness and others never even suffered a direct blow to the head, yet brain damage occurred. [/u]
part Ⅴ writing［60 min.］
china witnesses great success in economical development after its adoption of the policy of reform and open to the outside world.but the economical prosperity,at the same time,brings about the overwhelming appearance of fake commodities causing enormous economical loss.
requirement:
write an essay about 300 words,expressing your view on fake commodities.
in the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details.in the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic variety and appropriate word choice
in sections a, b and c you will hear everything once only. listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. mark the correct response for each question on your coloured answer sheet.
section a talk
questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section.at the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. now listen to the talk.
1盩he speaker is.
a.a friend of abraham lincoln’sb.a writer who gives an account of abraham lincoln’s biography
c.abraham lincoln himself d.abraham lincoln’s autobiography
2盬hich of the following statements is true?
a.the speaker’s mother died when he was only ten years old.
b.the speaker’s father died when he was six years old.
c.the speaker and his family moved to indiana in his eighth year.
d.his grandfather was killed by indians in a battle.
3盬hat was required of a teacher in the speaker’s hometown?
a.no qualificationb.latin-understanding
c.experiences of traveling round the worldd.the basical ability to know how to read,write and compute arithmetically
4盬hich events provided much encouragement for abraham lincoln in his political career?
a.the black-hawk war and law-practicing.b.the black-hawk war and the missouri compromise.
c.farm work and law-practicing.d.law-practicing and the missouri compromise.
5盩he general tone of this talk can be described as.
a.haughty and sarcasticb.condescending and humble
c.domineering and aggressived.honest and confident
section b conversation
questions 6 to l0 are based on a coversation between jassie and pauline.at the end of the conversation you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. now listen to the conversation.
6盕rom the conversation we get the impression that.
a.jassie and pauline are classmates.b.jassie is an overseas student from america.
c.pauline and jassie are talking about a picture.d.they are having american geography.
7盬hat has jassie already known about white house?
a.white house is on the south side of pennsylvania ave.,washingten,d.c.,facing lafayette square.
b.the east and west terraces,the executive office,the east wing,and a penthouse and a bomb shetter are added to the main building.
c.it was designed by james hoban on a site chosen by george washington.
d.it is the oldest public building in washington.
8盬hich one is oval in shape in white house?
a.the east roomb.the red roomc.the blue roomd.the green room
9盬ho is the first president to live in white house?
a.theodore rooseveltb.john adamsc.george washingtond.thormas jefforson
10盇ccording to the conversation which statement about the name of&nb
sp;the white house is true?
a.it became official before president theodore roosevelt had it engraved upon his stationery.
b.it derives the name from the color of the building.
c.the building was restored after being burned in 1814,so the smoke-stained gray stone walls were painted white.
d.actually the cognomen“white house”was applied to the building some time before it was painted.
section c news brocdcast
questions 11 to 12 are based on the following news from the voa.at the end of the news item,you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions.now listen to the news.
11盩he general election will be held on.
a.fridayb.wednesdayc.thursdayd.monday
12盡ail and telegraph endorsed.
a.tony blairb.william haguec.the liberal democratsd.labor party
questions 13 to 15 are based on the following news from the bbc.at the end of the news item,you will be given 45 seconds to answer the three questions.
now listen to the news.
13盤alestinians say that
a.israeli prime minister is sincere to call for ceasefireb.sharon’s appeal to stop ongoing violence is a “lie”.
c.they believe this time will soon witness ceasefire.d.they feel relieved america supports ceasefire.
14盩he arafat aide thought that israeli prime minister calls for ceasefire because
a.sharon’s government aimed at alleviating international pressure on israel.
b.sharon’s government felt guilty of their excessive use of force.
c.sharon’s government is demanded by the united states to stop fire.
d.sharon’s government is opposed by its people.
15盇 roadside bomb exploded on israeli border with egypt late on tuesday,and then
a.israeli soldiers carried out the appeal to stop fire.
b.israeli soldiers continue to patrol under interim peace deals.
c.israeli soldiers returned fire.
d.israeli soldiers returned fire and soon initiated another fighting.
section d note-taking & gap-filling
in this section you will hear a mini-lecture.you will hear the lecture once only.while listening to the lecture,take notes on the important points.your notes will not be marked,but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on answer sheet one.use the blank paper for note-taking.
part Ⅱ proofreading & error correction［15 min.］
proofread the given passage on answer sheet two as instructed.
part Ⅲ reading comprehension［40 min.］
section a reading comprehension［30 min.］
in this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of fiften multiple 瞔hoice questions.read the passages and them mark your answer on you coloured answer sheet.
text a
brian harper:a priest
brian harper knows from personal experience how curious people are about priests and nuns. he began traini
ng to be a priest 20 years ago, straight from school, and although he left after two years he has never quite escaped the legacy. whenever he tells people about that period in his life they fire him with questions about what prompted him to consider that route in the first place.
there are the usual questions about coping with celibacy and the restrictions that this puts on personal relationships. but there is real curiosity, too, about why an“otherwise normal”person would take on such a life.
“there is a genuine interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life,”harper says,“the contrast has never been greater than it is now between the religious and secular paths.”many young people head for a life in the church,he says,after attending catholic schools where the emphasis is placed on religious observance,ritual and the importance of obedience and personal humility.but in today’s world it is becoming inceasingly difficult for such young people to ignore what is happening in the secular world behind the church.many priests and nuns have left the safety of the ordered religious life in the past couple of decades.but they have not done so without a struggle.harper can identify with the experience of those who leave.
“it is so much easier to join up than it is to quit,”he says.“it’s like in personal relationships,they’re easy enough to get into,but extricating yourself from one that’s not working or that you’re not happy with can be very difficult indeed.”
steven mc callanan,a parish priest,is frank about his life in church.he sums it up:“if you are prepared to see life in all its colour then go ahead,take orders.but don’t think it will be easy.i face problems every day.”
harper believes the religious life attracts a true cross-section of people,from the extrovert to the shy and retiring,although many are drawn by the church’s emphasis on ritual and performance.if one were to generalise,though,most priests have the kind of artistic temperaments that would “i know some brilliant men and women in the church,then i know some tried and disillusioned ones and some who are struggling with their own kind of personol demons,”says harper. he says it is a shame that the catholic community has traditionally put priests on a pedestal,“up there with god”,whereas in fact they are just like everyone else:flawed and vulnerable, make them good actors or performance poets-and social drinkers.
“being a priest just happens to be a career,admittedly a specialised one and one that demands a certain range of qualities.but priests are just as frail and weak as the rest of us.”
harper has made a television programme about priests,monks and nuns in the catholic church.the message he
;gave to those who took part in his documentary was:“we are not trying to trip you up or make you appear strange or foolish.we are just trying to answer what we think are some generally asked questions about your attitudes,your dilemmas,and the kinds of lives you lead.”it makes fascinating viewing. 16盬hich title is a proper replacement of the original one?
a.a wonderful choice to be a priest. b. the religious path can be difficult to follow.
c.to lead a spiritual life. d.to live a religious life.
17盉rian harper wants to be a priest for the reason that
a.these are so few young men who prefer to emphasize religious observance,ritual and the importance of obedience and personal humility.
b.his parents thought that it was the legacy for him to take the religious path.
c.he has a sincere interest in the whole area of spirituality and the spiritual life.
d.he has been considered an abnormal person who takes on such a life.
text b
basketball hero retires
chicago's most famous figure before the 1980s was the gangster,al“scarface”capone.but in the last two decades chicago bulls basketball star michael jordan has knocked the legendary crime boss from his pedestal.almost single-handedly,jordan turned chicago's image on its head,as the city on the shore of lake michigan moved from crime capital to basketball capital of america.jordan is widely regarded as the sports greatest player,and his retirement announcement in early 1999 came as a blow to the sport and to his millions of fans in america and around the world.
his athleticism and fierce competitiveness frightened his opponents,but his graciousness made him an american and international icon.he is most famous as the face of nike,the athletics shoe and clothing company whose products he has endorsed for the past decade.
jordan quickly became a multi-millionaire,thanks to lucrative product endorsement deals such as his nike promotion.as his fortune grew he put money back into the community,creating a foundation to fund athletics facilities and other projects for children from the inner city of chicago,his adopted home.jordan is reported to be the celebrity with whom most american children feel most comfortable,and american adults once placed him fifth on a list of all-time“most respected newsmakers.”
but not everyone thought well of him.some critics said he set a bad example,on and off the basketball court.he gambled;sometimes he mocked opponents during game and when the nike company was accused of unfair labour practices,he virtually ignored the controversy.certain black americans accused him of dismissing less fortunate blacks,many of whom could not afford the expensive shoes marketed by nike under the “air jordan”brand.
his easy charm ensured that he remained popular with the vast majority of basketball supporters,despite these criticisms.and none of those who criticised his behavior could do the same when it came to his athletic performance.nobody could undermine his achievements.
jordan was born on february 17,1963,is 1.98 meters tall and weighs 98kg.college players of the year in 1983-4,he joined the struggling chicago bulls team for the 1984 season.by the next year,the bulls had started a winning streak.in the 1986 season jordan shot 3041 points,the third-highest score ever.in 1987 he was named the national basketball association (nba) slam dunk champion.he first won the most valuable player award in 1988,an honour repeated four times in the 10 years to 1998.he guided his team to six championship wins during the 1990s,scoring 45 points during the sixth and last game of the 1998 nba finals including the winning point in the game's closing seconds.
over his career,jordan captured 10 consecutive scoring titles.his jumping ability at goal was matched by excellent court and team play.jordan retired from the club and the game in 1993,in pursuit of a dream to play basketball,but he returned to the baketball court and the chicago bulls in 1995.
in 1996 he was named one of the 50 greatest players in history.
18盇ccording to this text which of the following statements is true?
a.michael jordan was born on february 17,1963 in chicago.
b.michael jordan earned millions of dollars as the smiling face of nike,the athletics shoe and clothing company.
c.everyone sang high praise of michael jordan because of his athletics and fierce competitiveness and his graciousness.
d.over his career,michael jordan captured 10 consecutive defending titles.
19盬hat made michael jordan popular with different kinds of people despite those criticisms of his be
haviour outside the basketball court?
a.his athletic performance.b.his easy charm.c.his financial achievements.d.his outstanding nike promotion.
text c
the land of disney
predicting the future is always risky.but it's probably safe to say that at least a few historians will one day speak of the 20th-century as america's“disney era.”today,it's certainly difficult to think of any other single thing that represents modern america as powerfully as the company that created mickey mouse.globally,brands like coca-cola and mcdonalds may be more widely-known,but neither encapsulates 20th-century america in quite the same way as disney.
the reasons for disney's success are varied and numerous,but ultimately the credit belongs to one person—the man who created the cartoon and built the company from nothing,walt disney.ironically,he could not draw particularly well.but he was a genius in plenty of other respects.in business,his greatest skills were his insight and his management ability.after setting himself up in hollywood,he single-handedly pioneered the concepts of branding and merchandising-something his company still does brilliantly today.
but what really distinguished disney was his ability to identify with his audiences.disney always made sure his films championed the “little guy,”and made him feel proud to be american.this he achieved by creating characters that reflected the hopes and fears of the ordinary people.some celebrated american achievements — disney's very first cartoon plane crazy, featuring a silent mickey house,was inspired by charles lindbergh's flight acorss the atlantic.others,like the three little pigs and snow white and the seven dwarves,showed how,through hard work and helping one's fellow man,ordinary americans could survive social and economic crises like the great depression.
disney's other great virtue was the fact that his company—unlike other big corporations—had a human face.his hollywood studio—the public heard—operated just like a democracy,where everyone was on first-name terms and had a stay in how things should be run.he was also regarded as a great patriot because not only did his cartoons celebrate america,but,during world warⅡ,his studios made training films for american soldiers.
the reality,of course,was less idyllic.as the public would later learn,disney's patriotism had an unpleasant side.after a strike by cartoonists in 1941,he became convinced that hollywood had been infiltrated by communists.he agreed to work for the fbi as a mole,identifying and spying on colleagues whom he suspected were subversives.
but,apart from his affiliations with the fbi,disney was more or less the genuine article.a new book,the magic kingdom:walt disney and the american way of life,by steven watts,confirms that he was very definitely on the side of ordinary americans—in the 30s and 40s he voted for franklin rovsevelt,believing he was a champion of the workers.also,disney was not an apologist for the fbi,as some have suggested.in fact,he was always suspicious of large,bureaucratic organisations,as is evidenced in films like that darned cat,in which he portrayed fbi agents as bungling incompetents.
by the time he died in 1966,walt disney was an icon like thomas edison and the wright brothers.to business people and filmmakers,he was a role model;to the public at large,he was“uncle walt”—the man who had entertained them all their lives,the man who represented all that was good about america.
in the 30-old years since his death,not much has changed.in 1986,he was attacked as a mccarthyist,a supporter of big business,and a purveyor of“subliterate”entertainment.however,none of it has made any difference to the general public.their loyalty to uncle walt remains as strong as ever.
20盬hat is the most distinguished feature of disney?
a.disney was created and built by a person who drew cartoons and set up a company from nothing.
b.disney films were able to reflect the hopes and fears of ordinary people.
c.disney had affiliation with the fbi.
d.disney respected the rights belonging to everyone and possessed the democratic atmosphere.
21盬alt disney became an icon after his death not because
a.he was a role model to business people and filmmakers.b.he could entertain the public at large all their lives.
c.he was a purveyor of“subliterate”entertainment.d.he could represent all that was good about america.
text d
zero tolerance
new york was once the murder capital of the world.but its urban canyons are no longer the killing fields that earned the city its unenviable title.the annual death ,which soared to a record high of 2.245 in 1990,dropped to 760 in 1997.the last time the murder rate was as low as that was 30 years previously in 1967,the year of peace and love and the flowering of hippiedom.
with the decrease in killing ha
s come a marked reduction in enthusiasm for other crime,such as burglaries,robberies and shootings.the old saying,crime doesn't pay,has taken on new life,thanks to hard-line policing introduced by mayor rudolph giuliani in 1994.its success has been such that giuliani,elected five years ago on a law and order platform,confidently says his city can now be seen as a leader in crime fighting.such a claim would once have been uimaginable,but the zero-tolerance policing policy introduced by giuliani and the two men he appointed to run the city's police force,former commissioner with bratton and former deputy commissioner john timoney,has turned the mean streets into clean streets.
new york's policing is based on a 1983 paper called“broken windows,”written by american academics janes wison and george kelling,which suggested a clamp-down on low-level crime as a way of lowering all crime.if a broken window in an apartment block was not fixed,it was a sign that no one cared.soon more windows would be broken and a sense of lawlessness engendered,encouraging others to commit more crime.cleaning up minor crime on the streets was like fixing broken windows,it said,and the flow-on effect would curb more serious crime.
new yorkers voted for a special tax to raise about us 1 billion (rmb 8.2 billion) to fight crime and another 7,000 officers were added to the force.the responsibility for ways of fighting crime devolved from a centralised bureaucracy to precinct commanders,and police used computers to track and target crime trends more easily.
this resulted in a much harder attitude against all crime,“zero tolerance”being the policy of not allowing or tolerating even the smallest crimes.these included begging,minor drug dealing, taggers,turnstile jumpers in the subways and all forms of anti-social behaviour on the streets.timoney uses turnstile jumpers as an illustration of the broken windows theory at work.police found that 22 percent of turnstile jumpers were wanted for other crimes or were able for arrest because they carried guns.“we arrested one man simply for jumping a 1 turnstile and found that he was a drug dealer carrying cocaine and 50,000 in his pockets,”says timoney.
new york's transformation attracted global attention and cost bratton and timoney their jobs.they were both sacked by giuliani,who felt they were stealing his glory.timoney has since acted as a consultant to police throughout the world,preaching the benefits of zero-tolerance policing.
ironically,bratton,the former boston beat cop who rose to head now york's finest,evidently doesn't like the term zero-tolerance because he thinks it implies a lack of tolerance for any deviation from social norms.critics of new york policing say that intolerance is exactly what zero-tolerance policing encourages.they point out that urban crime has fallen right across the united states in the past five years not just in new york,and even in states where zero-tolerance policing is not practised,while the country's jail population has dramatically increased. shifts in the nature of america's population ages and character have reduced the number of yound men (aged 18-24) most likely to best involved in crime.crime is also reduced when many more criminals are in jail.
criminologist greg newbold says that crime rates spiral up and down in unexplained cycles and they are no easy solutions to reducing crime.together sentences and more police mean an increasing drain on tax-payers and there is no certainty that they will continue to lower crime levels.criminals will learn to live with those methods and find ways around them.
charles pollard,the chief constable of thames valley in britain,calls zero-tolerance policing a short-term care that works well in urban areas with large amounts of petty crime.once petty crime is brought under control,he told the economist, sharp drops in crime will diminish.observers say the drop in new york crime had to come with the introduction of almost any new tough police policy,because the crime rate was so high.
police association president greg o'connor agrees.“you can talk all the theories you like but,at the end of the day,what will stop criminals from committing crime is the belief that they will be caught.with only 18 percent of burglaries are being solved,and most of them don't believe they will be caught,burglary becomes something of a risk-free occupation.”
however,criminologist newbold argues that zero-tolerance policing is a dangerous fad that risks creating an arrogant police force because it gives police extraordinary powers.accusations that new york police harassed minorities were heightened last year when two white new york policemen were charged with the beating and sexual torture of asian immigrant abner louima,and two other white officers were charged with assaulting him in a police car.one policeman allegedly told louima,“it's giuliani time.”
but
terious zeitgeist of where people want to be,”says john browning,editor-in-chief of wired magazine.the company had brilliant branding,too.“it's a great name,”says david tabizel,noting the play on words with siberia,the vast,desolate region in the north of russia.another advantage,say analysts,is the company's decision not to open clones of its original restaurant in each new location.every cyberia is tailored to its city's needs.
it is doubtful that anything would have come of the idea if pascoe had not been behind it from the start.she has been described variously as“weird and intense”,“a magnificent self-publicist”,“very charismatic,very smart”,“a pioneer in integrating people and technology”;“an evangelist for the internet”.she is,indeed,an unstoppable force of nature.“i don't need that much sleep,”she says,in her slightly broken english,downing another black coffee.“around four or five hours is enough for me.”
possessions tie her down.“my security is my knowledge…because information changes so quiekly and i get so much input from the net,i have to keep my home life simple.my apartment is full of white walls…there's nothing to distract me.”she gets online at 7 a.m.,works weekends,is rarely home before midnight.she can't remember her last holiday.even on weekend trips to see friends in spain and get some sun she takes her laptop.she has a contract for a book on interfaces;she is trying to write up her ph.d. thesis on human computer interaction.“i don't usually eat until the evening,”she says.“i find it distracts my energy.”
25盬hich one has not been developed at cyberia according to the text?
a.the cyberia magazine.b.an online dating agency.c.cyberia records.d.cyberia supermarket.
26盬hat is the particular way of cyberia?
a.cyberia is built by a woman who grew up in rigidly communist poland.
b.cyberia is a restaurant chain spreading all over the world.
c.cyberia is able to capture the mysterious zeitgeist of where people want to be.
d.cyberia boasts many different kinds of businesses.
27盚ow do people evaluate eva pascoe?
a.a very charismatic and smart businesswoman.b.a conformist.
c.a supporter of knowledge.d.a pioneer in combining technology and money-making.
text f
how many words in your dictionary
if you are going to buy a dictionary,then the number of words that the dictionary contains may be a measure of comparison that you will use in deciding which dictionary to choose.and you would think that the question posed in the title would have a quite straight forward answer.after all,a dictionary is defined as“a reference book that consists of an alphabetical list of words…”(collins english dictionary,1979).but the answer is,unfortunately,not so simple.
for one thing,dictionaries rarely tell you how many ‘words’they contain.for another,the alphabetical list of‘headwords’is likely to include more than just words.included as headwords in the alphabetical sequence in many dictionaries today you will find:
·abbreviations,e.g.do.for‘ditto’,d.o.b.for‘date of bith’;
·affixes and combining forms,e.g.dia-prefix meaning‘through’(as in diachronicence suffix (as in emergence),neo-combining form meaning‘new’(as in neologism),-onym combining form meaning ‘name’(as in pseudonym);
·open compounds,written as two or more separate words,without hyphenation,e.g. love feast,low tide,lunar month,male chauvinist pig.
you will also find,in some dictionaries,proper names of people and places,often called‘encyclopedic entries’.these all contribute to any count of headwords.
the collins concise english dictionary (1982) claims to contain 53,000 headwords;the longman concise english dictionary (1985) says it has “over 50,000”headwords;and the larger longman dictionary of the english language (1984) claims“over 90,000”headwords.in none of these dictionaries are proper names included.there would seem to be some measure of comparison between these dictionaries at least,even though they are rare among modern dictionaries in giving a count of headwords.but we need to be sure that the dictionaries all have the same policy on what a headword is.they do not.if a word belongs to more than one word class (e.g.noun and verb,like bottle,or adjective,adverb,noun and verb,like clean),then the long man dictionaries have as many headwords as there are word classes to which the word belongs (two for bottle,four for clean),while the collins dictionary has only one headword for each item.
more often a dictionary will give a count of the ‘references’or ‘entries’that it contains.the collions concise (1982) claims “96,000 vocabulary references”,increased to “125,000 references”by the third edition (1992);the longman concise (1985) claims“100,000 entries”,the concuise oxford dictionary (8th edition,1990)“120,000 entries”,chambers english dictionary (1988)“190,000 references”,collin
[8]
s english dictionary (1979)“162,000 references”,increased to 170,000 in the 2nd edition (1986),and to 180,000 in the 3rd edition (1991).the longman dictionary of the english language (1984,2nd edition 1991) does not give a reference count all these figures are,of course,estimates,based on a count of a sample of pages.
what are dictionaries counting when they give a count of ‘reference’or ‘entries’?the concise oxford dictionary (8th edition,1990) adds this gloss to its claims of 120,000 entries:“including compounds,phrases,derivatives,and a generous coverage of inflections.”as sidney landau explains in his book dictionaies:the art and craft of lexicography (cup 1989),this method of counting what is in a dictionary derives from american practice,and it is “a system designed to maximize the number of entries one can claim”(p.84).dictionaries are allowed to claim as an entry:
·the headword
·any additional word class to which the word belongs and hat is defined separately
·the inflected forms that are given (usually irregular plurals of nouns or past tenses and past participles of verbs,and regular inflections that cause spelling problems)
·run-on derivatives,usually without definition,such as clarinettist under clarinet.
·idioms or other fixed expressions included under a headword,such as take the bull by the horns under bull.
·variant forms,such as repellant for repellent.
·words give in lists,usually at the bottom of the page,which are derived by means of a prefix like self-or un-
in fact,an entry is almost any item that is given a bold typeface.clearly,there are various ways in which a publisher could inflate the entry count in a dictionary.
there is one further count that some dictionaries give to indicate their size and coverage:that of definitions or meanings.this is the only count that the longman dictionary of the english language (2nd edition,1991) gives:it claims“over 220,000 meanings.”the first edition (1984) claimed “almost a quarter of a million definitions.”the third edition of collins english dictionry (1991) says it has “190,000 numbered definitions”—the first two editions did not give a definition count chambers english dictionary (1988) claims to have “265,000 definitions.”among the concise dictionaries,the longman concise (1985) claims“100,000 definition.”the definition count will always be higher than any of the others;because many words,especially common ones,are multiply polysemous.the entry for the transitive verb take in the longman dictionary (1991),for example,has numbered definitions up to 20,but many of these have subdivisions,giving a total of 66‘meanings.’dictionaries do not,however,necessarily make the same analysis of the meanings of a word.for example,the adjective plain has 10 numbered definitions in collins english dictionary (1986);the numbering goes up to 9 in the longman dictionary (1991),though with subdivisions the total comes to 14;and in chambers (1988),where the meanings are not numbered,there are 32 definitions separated by the chambers' convention of a colon.
what all this goes to show is that counts of whatever kind are not a good measure of comparison between dictionaries,because the information they give is neither reliable nor comparable,such as the range of vocabulary covered,the layout of the dictionary,the accessibility of the information,and the attention given to contextual and social usage.
28盚ow many criteria can a dictionary have when a reader decides to choose one according to the author?
a. five b. six c. seven d. eight
29盚ow can a dictionary give a count of its‘entries’that it contains?
a.all the figures are calculated by computers. b.all the figures are estimates based on a count of a sample of pages.
c.all the figures are accurate and relizble because of special counting experts. d.all the figures are guessed by computers.
30盩he tone of the author is.
a.subjective and absolute b.objective and authoritative c.suspicious and unrational d.radical and negative
paper two
time limtt：［120 min.］
part Ⅳ translation ［60 min.］
section a chinese to english
translate the following underlined part of the text into english.write your translation on answer sheet three.
《白衣女人》不是一部侦探小说，而是一部神秘小说，但它带有很多侦探小说的成分，书中细致的描写，至今仍然非常引人入胜，因为人的头脑是很喜欢神秘故事，而且希望知道其结局的。这部小说写成以后，过了几年又写了《月亮宝石》，因此可以认为这是作者在正式写侦探小说之前先行的一步。如果我们来看一看威尔基·柯林斯为《白衣女人》第二版所拟的自序，会感到十分有趣，这篇序文写于1861年，他在序中对关于作家的职责提出 了一个论点，其主要内容，在另一位善于讲故事的作家于1948年所作的一次广播讲话里得到了发挥。柯林斯在序中写道：“我一向赞成一种现已过时的看法，那就是：写一本小说的主要目的应该是讲一个故事”。[u]将近九十年以后，毛姆在一次广播讲话里用自己的话重申了这个看法，并作了发挥。如果我没有理解错的话，毛姆先生说的是：人的头脑的基本构造之中具有一种东西，它非常喜欢甚至要求听人讲故事，讲一个开头、中间、结尾都齐全的故事。他还说，现代有些作家过分热衷于剖析心理和进行论证，忽视讲故事要注意完整性这一重要特点，结果使得侦探故事普遍趋于一般化。我感到这两位十分不同的作家所作的精辟论断相得益彰，都是很有启发的。柯林斯是要“讲一个故事”，就在这讲故事的过程中，他形成了侦探小说家所需要的条理性和善于作细致描写的本领。[/u]
section b english to chinese
[9]
translate the following underlined part of the text into chinese.write your translation on answer sheet three.
alice was a b-plus student through her first three years at college.during the winter holidays in her senior year,while she was driving during a storm,her car ran off the road and hit a tree.alice banged her head on the stearing stake but never lost consciousness.she was treated for bruises arel discharged from the hospital within a day.
but,back at her studies,she began to have difficulties.suddenly her as and bs were becomings. she had trouble remembering what she'd read and was initable and easily distracted.
[u]alice was referred to a neuropsychologist for further examination. although her iq hadn't changed and standard neurological tests were normal, detailed neuropsychological tests showed she was having memory problems. she could still process new information, but it took longer than before and she became “overloaded” if she tries to do too much at once.
head injuries are often fatal, or of sufficient seventy to require the hospitalization of victims. but there is a large group of people who sustain head injuries which can go undetected through ordinary medical examination. there are the people who seemingly recover from their injuries but still suffer subtle intellectual and behavioral effect that may seriously impair their ability to work and interact normally with other people. they are the victims of what experts call a “silent epidemic.” some never lost consciousness and others never even suffered a direct blow to the head, yet brain damage occurred. [/u]
part Ⅴ writing［60 min.］
china witnesses great success in economical development after its adoption of the policy of reform and open to the outside world.but the economical prosperity,at the same time,brings about the overwhelming appearance of fake commodities causing enormous economical loss.
requirement:
write an essay about 300 words,expressing your view on fake commodities.
in the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details.in the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.marks will be awarded for organization as well as for syntactic variety and appropriate word choice
[10]