英语写作常见错误与分析_大学四级

 　　一． 不一致（disagreements）
　　所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致　时态不一致及代词不一　致等．
　　例１． when one have money ,he can do what he want to .
　　(人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么．)
　　剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致．
　　改为：　once one has money ,he can do what he wants (to do) 　　二． 修饰语错位（misplaced modifiers）
　　与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化．对于这一点中国往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解．例１． i believe i can do it well and i will better know the world outside the campus.
　　剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末． 　　三． 句子不完整（sentence fragments）
　　在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解．可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生．
　　例１． there are many ways to know the society. for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .
　　剖析：本句后半部分＂for example by tv ,radio ,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句．
　　改为：there are many ways to know society ,for example ,by tv ,radio ,and newspaper. 　　四． 悬垂修饰语（dangling modifiers）
　　所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清．例如：at the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中＂at the age of ten＂只点出十岁时，但没有说明” 谁”十岁时．按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了．
　　改为：
　　when i was ten, my grandfather died.
　　例１． to do well in college, good grades are essential.
　　剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚．
　　改为：
　　to do well in college, a student needs good grades. 　　五． 词性误用(misuse of parts of speech)
　　“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等．
　　例１． none can negative the importance of money.
　　剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。
　　改为：
　　none can deny the importance of money. 　　六． 指代不清(ambiguous reference of pronouns)
　　指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：
　　mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
　　(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)
　　读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：
　　mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
　　例1. and we can also know the society by serving it yourself.
　　剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：
　　we can also know society by serving it ourselves. 　　七． 不间断句子(run-on sentences)
　　什么叫run-on sentence?请看下面的例句。
　　例１． there are many ways we get to know the outside world.
　　剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“there are many ways.” 以及“we get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。
　　改为：
　　there are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：
　　there are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside
　　world 　　八． 措词毛病(troubles in diction)
　　diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以中用词不当的错误比比皆是。
　　例１． the increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.
　　(农业方面物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)
　　剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。
　　改为：
　　the abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution. 　　九． 累赘(redundancy)
　　言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。如：
　　in spite of the fact that he is lazy, i like him.
　　本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：in spite of his laziness, i like him.
　　例１． for the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.
　　剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。
　　改为：
　　diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need. 　　十． 不连贯(incoherence)
　　不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。
　　例１． the fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.
　　剖析：the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。it 与things 在数方面不一致。
　　改为：
　　fresh water is the most important thing in the world. 　　十一． 综合性语言错误(comprehensive misusage)
　　所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态，语态，标点符号，大小写等方面的错误。
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//www.cet-46.com　　2003-12-26 11:14:59　　　点击数:1169 (i)说明原因型模块  currently, xx has been the order of the day. this does demonstrate the theory --- nothing is more valuable than xx it is clear that (1). if you (2), as a result, your dreams will come true. on the contrary, if you (3).failure will be following with you. it turns out that all your plan falls through. no one can deny another fact that (4).you don't hav

    

e to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (5).it will exert a profound influence upon (6).with reference to my standpoint, i think (7).注释:1:xx的第一个优点2:支持xx的做法3:不支持xx的做法4:xx的第二个优点5:举例证明优点二6:说明xx优点三的影响第三天我写的相应:
the importance of self-confidence currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day. this does demonstrate the  theory --- nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.  it is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one's abilities). if you (are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true. on the contrary, if you (have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). failure will be following with you。it turns out that all your plan falls through. no one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).you don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (the secret of mme. curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular). it will exert a profound influence upon (the achievement of one's ambitions). with reference to my standpoint, i think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).
 (i)说明原因型模块(2) in recent years, xx has caused a heated debate on (1).  the factors for (2).first of all, (3).then, there comes a case that (4). moreover, (5). especially when (6).indeed, these unique points can be collected the remind people that (7).in this way, we should behave just like (8).
the impact of television in recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in china have satellite tv, offering as many as 50 channels. it has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children). many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children. the factors for (parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).first of all, (with so many programs to choose from, children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).then, there comes a case that (some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). moreover, (the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies). especially when (the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that (they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's tv viewing).in this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.
(i)说明原因型模块(4)for most of us today, (1). from above, we can find that the reasons why (2)are as follows.the primary reason, i think, is (3).second,(4). the third reason, actually, is (5).the significance for (6)。therefore, (7).注释:(1)人们针对xx的态度和举措(2)归纳现状(3)第一个原因(4)第二个原因(5)第三个原因(6)重申造成现状的最重要原因
pollution most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem. lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air. many fish die of poisonous water. thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas. therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling, or bringing death not only to human beings, but also to wild life.)from above, we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously)are as follows. the primary reason, i think, is (the reason of harmful substances into environment. for example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests. however, they pollute air, water and land ).second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ). the third reason actually is (the result of a growing population in the world. everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses, also pollute the environment ). the significance for (controlling pollution) noted that it's high time that more effective measures should be taken. therefore, (new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories. moreover, in the households, there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste. let's make our good efforts, and the world will be a safer place to live for us).
(i)说明原因型模块(5)these days we often hear that (1).it is common that (2). why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? for one thing, (3).for another, (4). what is more, since (5),it is natural that (6 ).to solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. we should do something such as (7) to improve he present situation, and i do

      

believe everything will be better in the future.(1)提出论题(2)说明现状(3)理由一(4)理由二(5)理由三(6)理由三引起的后果(7)解决方法
pollution of environment燭hese days we often hear that (our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment ).it is common that (many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).牐燱hy does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? for one thing, (the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded. ).for another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology ). what is more, since (the industrial revolution ),it is natural that (a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms. the smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).牐燭o solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthing. we should do something such as (planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources )to improve the present situation, and i do believe everything will be better in the future.
写作模板——图表式  it is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of y has undergone dramatic changes. it has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as x varies). at the point of x1, y reaches its peak value of …(多少).   what is the reason for this change? mainly there are … (多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. first of all, …(第一个原因). more importantly, …(第二个原因). most important of all, …(第三个原因).   from the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. the trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).
写作模板——提纲式1． 对立观点式 a. 有人认为x 是好事，赞成x， 为什么？b. 有人认为x 是坏事， 反对x，为什么？c. 我的看法。 some people are in favor of the idea of doing x. they point out the fact that 支持x 的第一个原因。they also argue that 支持x 的另一个原因。however, other people stand on a different ground. they consider it harmful to do x. they firmly point out that 反对x 的第一个理由。 an example can give the details of this argument: there is some truth in both arguments. but i think the advantages of x overweigh the disadvantages. in addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, x also may x 的有一个坏处。
2． 批驳观点式 a．一个错误观点。 b． 我不同意。 many people argue that 错误观点。by saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。an example they have presented is that 一个例子。(according to a survey performed by x on a group of y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。 there might be some element of truth in these people’s belief. but if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。there are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议写法)。
3． 社会问题(现象)式 a．一个社会问题或者现象b． 产生的原因 c．对社会和我们生活的影响 d． 如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话)e． 前景的预测。 nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (x has increasingly become a common concern of the public). according to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。 there are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。 x has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议的写法。 a dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent x from bringing us more harm. 同上based on the above discussions, i can easily forecast that more and more people will ……..
辩论式议模版1 some people believe (argue, recognize, think)that 观点1. but other people take an opposite side. they firmly believe that 观点2. as for me, i agree to the former/latter idea. there are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. first of all, 论据1. more importantly, 论据2. most important of all, 论据3. in summary, 观点. as a college student, i am supposed to 表决心.或:from above, we can predict that 预测.
模版2 people hold different views about x. some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. as far as i am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. for one thing, 论据1.for another, 论据2. last but not the least, 论据3. to conclude, 观点. as a college student, i am supposed to 表决心. 或 from above, we can predict that 预测.
模版3 there is no consensus of opinions among people about x(争论的焦点)。some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing

      

that 观点2。as far as i am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. the reasons are obvious. first of all, 论据1。 furthermore, 论据2。among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. that is, 论据3。 a natural conclusion from the above discussion is that观点。 as a college student, i am supposed to 表决心. 或 from above, we can predict that 预测.