提高听力能力的语言和知识因素_CET听力
一、 语言因素在听力中的运用
听力理解可分为字面理解和深层理解。要做到字面理解，就必须具备一定的语音知识、一定的词汇知识和一定的语法知识。也只有在理解字面意思的基础上才有可能对听力材料进行深层次的理解，所以语言因素是听力理解的基础。我们常提到的语言因素包括：
1、语音知识
听力不同于阅读，要求们必须具备准确辨音的能力，这是口头交际的基础。在正确掌握每个单词的发音的同时，必须注意以下几个方面：
（1）中最小对立体的发音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有针对性地进行发音训练，比如绕口令之类的练习，如she sells sea cells by the seashore. if she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，适当加强一些针对性的听力练习。
（2）重读与弱读：汉语是一个汉字一个音节，而英语中的一个单词可能就有好多音节，这就造成了英汉节奏的差别。而中的一些虚词一般要弱读，这有可能会给听力造成一定的困难。对此也应该进行专项训练。如：
what's the time? sing us a song. i've eaten them all. he has already visited a great number of different places in australia.(红体部分的音节重读)
（3）连读：连读时语速加快，连读的单词之间没有了间隔，会给理解带来困难。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：听力时不能一个单词一个单词地去理解，应该注意意群，因为意群之间间隔之处正是停顿之处，注意下列语句朗读时停顿的差别：
john said, " my father is here."
"john," said my father, "is here."
she likes pineapples.?
she likes pie and apples.
he sold his houseboat and trailer.
he sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些单词发音相同，也可能给听力理解带来困难，如：
what is black and white, and read (red) all over?
这里在听的时候，很难分请是read还是red。
（6）语调：语调是说话者表达情感的一种手段，同样一个句子如果语调不同，则意思就有可能发生变化，如：
open the door, will you? ?j
open the door, won't you? ?k
用声调表示一种请求，用降调表示命令。
what? ?jwhat??k?j升调表示疑问，降升表示吃惊和不相信。
测试中同样有可能考查语调的作用，如：
①(1996年1月第2题)
w：what an accident!if you've been careful, things would not be as
they are.
m: what do you mean? it was my?jfault? ?kif it were, ?k surely
i'll take all responsibility for it.
q：what's the man mean?
a: he is not to blame
b: it was his fault
c: he will accept all resposibity
d: he will be more careful next time
听力理解可分为字面理解和深层理解。要做到字面理解，就必须具备一定的语音知识、一定的词汇知识和一定的语法知识。也只有在理解字面意思的基础上才有可能对听力材料进行深层次的理解，所以语言因素是听力理解的基础。我们常提到的语言因素包括：
1、语音知识
听力不同于阅读，要求们必须具备准确辨音的能力，这是口头交际的基础。在正确掌握每个单词的发音的同时，必须注意以下几个方面：
（1）中最小对立体的发音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有针对性地进行发音训练，比如绕口令之类的练习，如she sells sea cells by the seashore. if she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，适当加强一些针对性的听力练习。
（2）重读与弱读：汉语是一个汉字一个音节，而英语中的一个单词可能就有好多音节，这就造成了英汉节奏的差别。而中的一些虚词一般要弱读，这有可能会给听力造成一定的困难。对此也应该进行专项训练。如：
what's the time? sing us a song. i've eaten them all. he has already visited a great number of different places in australia.(红体部分的音节重读)
（3）连读：连读时语速加快，连读的单词之间没有了间隔，会给理解带来困难。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：听力时不能一个单词一个单词地去理解，应该注意意群，因为意群之间间隔之处正是停顿之处，注意下列语句朗读时停顿的差别：
john said, " my father is here."
"john," said my father, "is here."
she likes pineapples.?
she likes pie and apples.
he sold his houseboat and trailer.
he sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些单词发音相同，也可能给听力理解带来困难，如：
what is black and white, and read (red) all over?
这里在听的时候，很难分请是read还是red。
（6）语调：语调是说话者表达情感的一种手段，同样一个句子如果语调不同，则意思就有可能发生变化，如：
open the door, will you? ?j
open the door, won't you? ?k
用声调表示一种请求，用降调表示命令。
what? ?jwhat??k?j升调表示疑问，降升表示吃惊和不相信。
测试中同样有可能考查语调的作用，如：
①(1996年1月第2题)
w：what an accident!if you've been careful, things would not be as
they are.
m: what do you mean? it was my?jfault? ?kif it were, ?k surely
i'll take all responsibility for it.
q：what's the man mean?
a: he i
s not to blame
b: it was his fault
c: he will accept all resposibity
d: he will be more careful next time
2、词汇和语法
（1）注意扩充词汇量：研究发现，词汇量是影响听力的主要因素之一，词汇量的匮乏往往是造成听力能力提高的首要因素。因此，们在训练听力技巧的同时，应注意词汇量的扩充。
（2）加强同义表达方式的听力训练：在听力选择中，相当一部分情况下，答案就是对话的同义表达方式。如：
①（1995年6月第7题）
m: i'm getting absolutely nowhere with these physics problems.
w: how about my going through them with you?
q: what does the woman mean?
a. she could help him with the problems.
b. he should go out for a while.
c. she could go out together with him.
d. he should do the problems himself.
go through them with you 与 help him with the problems意思一样，故选a。
② （1995年6月第6题）
m: excuse me, but i didn't hear clearly what you said. did you say
that your teaching assistant would mark the exam papers?
w: no. i said he would collect the papers. i'll grade them myself.
q: what did the woman say about the exam?
a.her teaching assistant would grade the exam papers.
b.she would collect the exam papers herself.
c.she would mark the exam papers herself.
d.she would not give her students an exam.
grade与mark同义，所以选c。
（3）加强语法概念的单句理解练习：听力测试中有相当一部分情况下，有对语法结构表意功能的考查，如虚拟语气的含义，建议的表达方式等。如：
①（1995年6月第7题）
m: i'm getting absolutely nowhere with these physics problems.
w: how about my going through them with you?
q: what does the woman mean?
a. she could help him with the problems.
b. he should go out for a while.
c. she could go out together with him.
d. he should do the problems himself.
how about 用来提出建议，所以对此类固定语法结构的掌握是听力测试的一个方面。
②（1998年1月第1题）
w：i haven't had much exercise lately. my only recreation has been
watching tv or going to the movies. what do you do for
recreation?
m: in summer i like playing tennis instead of swimming and
boating, and my favorite sport in the winter is skating.
q: what is the man's favorite sport in summer?
a. swimming b. playing tennis
c. boating d. playing table tennis
instead of 表示的是排除在外的意思，故选b。
二、知识因素在语言中的运用
这里所说的知识包括与听力材料有关的背景知识、对话和文章的话题知识、听力的策略知识以及听力测试的命题规律等知识。
1、背景知识
对听力材料的背景知识的了解有助于听力材料的理解，而缺乏应有的背景知识常常是造成理解失败的原因。听力对话和听力短文所涉及的领域广泛，要求们注意积累有关文化、、、宗教、、风俗、生活等各方面的知识，正是rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension. （1999年1月第7题）
w: i just made a jar of jam this morning and now i can't find it
anywhere. do you know what happened to it?
m: did you hear a crash, that was it ,i'm just as clumsy as ever.
q: what is the problem?
a. the woman doesn't like jam.
b. the woman forgot where she had left the jar.
c. the man had an accident.
d. the man broke the jar.
这是一个典型的美式幽默，如果对英美人的习俗文化有所了解的话，那么这题很容易选d。
2、话题知识
无论是对话还是短文，都有其所涉及的话题，所要说明的主题，而材料中的一切又都是为了这一主题服务，表现同一主题，或同一话题又有与其同现的词汇。同学们可以通过这些词汇推测文章的话题，然后通过文章的主题，预测文章的大体内容，从而对短文进行整体的理解。们同样可以通过同现的词汇推测对话发生的地点，会话人之间的关系，各自的身份等。
（1）利用词汇的同现判断对话发生的地点以及会话人之间的关系和身份、职业等。如： （1997年6月第7题）
m：i've just got back from the holiday you arranged for me. but i
must tell you the hotel was really awful. it was miles from the
sea. the food was awful too. the bedroom was dirty.
w:
sorry about that. but it's not really our fault. the contract
does say that the hotel accommodation is not our
responsibility.
q: where is this conversation probably taking place?
a. at the airport. b. in a travel agency.
c. in a hotel. d. at the reception desk.
从holiday you arranged for me 和contract可明显地推断b为正确答案。
文章的主题一般出现在文章的首句，在听时一定要注意首句的理解，然后根据首句推测文章可能会包括的内容，在听的过程注意用来说明主题的，进行前后的连贯思索，就可以轻松解全文。事实上听力中也有对文章主题的考查。如：
（1996年6月passage 2）
you should not fear spiders because of their poison. of all the spiders in north america, only kind is very dangerous and most would not bite even if they were handled. they much prefer to run away or to drop to the ground on a thread of silk. even so, when a spider runs directly toward a person, it gives the impression that it is about to attack. actually, it cannot see the person in its way. the spider is too short-sighted to see things at a distance. it only wants to go where it won't be disturbed. in the united states one kind of spider is responsible for the frightening reputation of the rest. it is the black widow. so called because the female, which is larger than the male, often eate cannot see the person in its way. the spider is too short-sighted to see things at a distance. it only wants to go where it won't be disturbed. in the united states one kind of spider is responsible for the frightening reputation of the rest. it is the black widow. so called because the female, which is larger than the male, often eats her husband after making love. the black widow is found in all states but is most common in the south and the west. she constructs a loose, irregular web under a pile of rowans or near the foundations of buildations of buildings where she is seldom disturbed. she is not an attacking spider and many people have proven this by letting her crawl over their hands. when she bites, it is usually in self-defence. in spite of the stories you may have heard, it is rare for a person to be bitten by a black widow and even more unusual for the bite to prove fatal. but remember that her poison is powerful and even though she is shy, she should be respected.
15. what is this passage mainly about?
16. what do we learn about the spiders from the passage?
17. why is the spider you just heard about called the black widow?
15. a. how to handle spiders. b. spiders in the united states.
c. people's fear of spiders. d. a special kind of spider.
16. a. most spiders will not bite even when handled.
b. most spiders are poisonous and dangerous.
c. most spiders are likely to attack people.
d. most spiders have sharp eyes.
17. a. because she cannot find a husband for herself.
b. because the female spider is larger than the male one.
c. because she is a black female spider.
d. because she is a black female spider.
3、策略知识
除具备以上知识以外，为了保证听力的质量，们，还必须了解一些策略知识，包括听力策略和听力应试策略。
1） 听力策略
听力策略是听力质量的保证。一般情况下，们应掌握的听力策略有：
（1）有目的地去听：听要有目的，是要了解大意还是具体的细节，什么细节，在听之前应该首先确定听的目的。
（2）听大意：听大意的方式与阅读中的览读技巧相同，要求们在听的时候将注意力集中在话题上，和要表达的主题上，抓主要的东西，而不是具体的细节。
（3）听具体：与"听大意"不同，该听力技巧要求们在听的时候只注意相关具体细节就可，如文中的具体任务，具体事件，事件发生的具体地点，时间，原因等。
（4）记笔记：在听的过程中，们有必要对重要做一下记录，以帮助对听力材料的记忆，也便于随后的推理和判断。
（5）预测：在听的过程中对下文进行预测是整体理解的保证，预测愈是准确，理解也愈是简单。
所谓应试策略指应付考试的有效手段，一般包括
（1）预读选项
预读选项指在听之前先将的四个选项浏览一遍。这是做好听力必备的技巧。通过分析四个选项可以对所提问的问题有个大体的了解，使听更富于目的性，带着问题去听，有助于提高注意力，将注意力集中于对话中的某一点
，减少听的负担，解题也更加准确，快捷。如：
①(1998年6月第7题)
a. someone has taken away her luggage.
b. her flight is 50 minutes late.
c. her luggage has been delayed.
d. she can't find the man she's been waiting for.
在四个选项中提到了luggage与flight，可推测对话应该发生在机场行李处。一个是行李的丢失问题，一个是飞机误点的问题，一个是接站人的问题，有了上面清晰的思路，一更容易从对话中找到有关。原文如下：
w: could you help me, sir? my flight got in 15 minutes ago.
everyone else has picked up the luggage but mine hasn't come
through.
m: i'm sorry, madame, but i'll go and find out if there is any
more to come.
q: what's the woman's problem?
从flight got in 与 pick up luggage, mine hasn't come through可容易推知正确答案为c。
②（1998年1月第11-13题）
11. a. about 45 million. b. about 50 million.
c. about 5.4 million. d. about 4.5 million.
12. a.the actors and actresses are not paid for their performance.
b.the actors and actresses only perform in their own
communities.
c. they exist only in small communities.
d. they only put on shows that are educational.
13. a. it provides them with the opportunity to watch performances
for free.
b. it provides them with the opportunity to make friends.
c. it gives them the chance to do something creative.
d. it gives them a chance to enjoy modern art.
综合四道题的选项，我们可以推测文章是关于某类演出（performance）的人数、性质和作用。那么多少人观看或者参与演出，演出的又以什么样的形式，在什么地方进行呢，而观众或演员又从该类演出中得到了哪些方面的收获呢。带着这些问题仔细搜索相关内容，而对于不相关，则可以忽略。
请看原文：
a community theatre is an important part of almost every city or town in the united states. there are over 2,000 community theatres in the united states today, about 4.5 million people work or perform in thses theatres for an audience of more than 50 million people annually. thses theatres are amateur organizations and are different from professional theatre companies. a community theatre may have its own building or perform in a school or church hall. the actors and actresses do not receive money for their work in the community theater. they have other jobs to support themselves instead. small communities can't support a full time theatre. they cannot pay actors, directors or stage workers, so the theatre participants work for free. one purpose of community theatre is to provide an opportunity for creative work. many people join in community theatres because they want to perform or to be creative. several people in a community theatre group were asked why they join. each one said he or she needed to be creative, to be something original. one man said“i loved act, it's the almost time i feel a life”. another said“i have a very boring job. in the play, i can create something”. one woman said“my whole life is occupied by husband and family. ineed something more than that.”another purpose of community theatre is to educate and improve the community. theatre is an art that also introduces new ideas to the audience.
11. how many people participate in the work of community theatres in
the united states?
12. how are community theatres different from professional theatre
companies?
13. what opportunity does the community theatre provide to the people
in a community?
(2)记笔记
记笔记是一项比较重要的听力技巧，尤其是在听短文时，实际上听力中也有对记笔记的专项考题，如听写填空。因为各题的四个选项都有可能在对话中或文章中出现，记笔记有助于分清具体的细节，以免出现混淆。如：
(1998年6月第18-20题)
18. a. to determine whether the earth's temperature is going up.
b. to study the behavior of some sea animals.
c. to measure the depths of the ocean.
d. to measure the movement of waves in the ocean.
19. a. they were frightened and distressed.
b. they swam away when the speaker was turned on.
c. they swam closer to “examine”the speaker when it was
turned off.
d. they didn't seem to be frightened and kept swimming near
the speaker.
&nb
sp; 20. a. to attract more sea animals to the testing site.
b. to drive dangerous sea animals away from the testing site.
c. to help trace the sea animals being tested.
d. to determine how sea animals communicate with each other.
原文：
a team of scientists recently began a project to measure the effects of loud noises on sea animals. if the sounds don't harm the animals, them the researchers can go ahead with a plan to transmit sound waves through the pacific ocean to take earth's temperature. sound travels faster through warm water than cold water. by analyzing the speed of sound through the ocean over time, the scientists will be able to determine if our planet is warming up. the experiment was nearly cancelled more than a year ago because environmental groups fear that the sound will confuse or harm the sea-animals. so, scientists are conducting tests on the animals first. the researchers lowered a loud speaker that emits low frequency sound about 1000 meters beneath the ocean. scientists at the site transmit sound waves into the ocean. radio transmitters attached to some of the sea-animals help the researches keep track of the animals' movements. if sea-animals are distressed by the sounds, they would swim away from the speakers. so far, there aren't any signs that the animals are being harmed. researchers at the site noticed that large numbers of sea-animals swim near the speaker whether it was turned on or off, but it is still too soon to know for sure, the scientists admit. the test will continue through september. “if all goes well,”they say, we can begin measuring temperature changes on our planet.
18. what is the purpose of analyzing the speed of sound through the
pacific ocean?
19. what was the the reaction of the sea-animals to the sound tests?
20. for what purpose were radio transmitters used?
如果们在听之前预读以下选项，就可以猜出本篇听力材料中时间一定不少，在听的过程中就应该做一下笔记，记一下时间与事件之间的关系。时间弄清楚了，答案也就清楚了，18题为a，19题为d，20题为c。
（3）整体理解
无论是对话还是文章都是围绕一个主题展开的，文章的一切细节都是用来说明一个主题。一般选择题的设计也都是针对文章的主题和用来说明主题的有关细节。在听的时候，考生通过预读选项了解了文章的话题范围，这样在听的之后就可以搜索与该话题有关的，前后联系，综合考虑，从而把握文章的主题。前后的关联，整体的把握对听力文章的理解至关重要，不能因为细节而忽略整体。要做到整体理解需要：
① 注意文章的首句。一般文章的主题由首句提出，然后以举例、列举、比较、对照等手段，抓住首句也就掌握了文章的主题，对文章的叙事方式也就有了预测性的了解。理解起来也就简单了许多。
② 抓关键词。并不是每个单词，每个句子都同样的重要，有的是论点，有的是论据，有的只表示关联，更有很多是冗余。因此，在听的时候，们要注意分清哪些是关键词汇，哪些是关键句子，将注意力集中在关键之处。
③ 忽略。所谓忽略，指当们遇到难以理解的词句时不要停，而是跳过去，继续听下文，根据上下文的关系去理解文章。
影响听力的因素很多，有助于听力的技巧也很多，如六级听力测试的模式、考查重点和具体应对策略。
听力理解可分为字面理解和深层理解。要做到字面理解，就必须具备一定的语音知识、一定的词汇知识和一定的语法知识。也只有在理解字面意思的基础上才有可能对听力材料进行深层次的理解，所以语言因素是听力理解的基础。我们常提到的语言因素包括：
1、语音知识
听力不同于阅读，要求们必须具备准确辨音的能力，这是口头交际的基础。在正确掌握每个单词的发音的同时，必须注意以下几个方面：
（1）中最小对立体的发音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有针对性地进行发音训练，比如绕口令之类的练习，如she sells sea cells by the seashore. if she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，适当加强一些针对性的听力练习。
（2）重读与弱读：汉语是一个汉字一个音节，而英语中的一个单词可能就有好多音节，这就造成了英汉节奏的差别。而中的一些虚词一般要弱读，这有可能会给听力造成一定的困难。对此也应该进行专项训练。如：
what's the time? sing us a song. i've eaten them all. he has already visited a great number of different places in australia.(红体部分的音节重读)
（3）连读：连读时语速加快，连读的单词之间没有了间隔，会给理解带来困难。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：听力时不能一个单词一个单词地去理解，应该注意意群，因为意群之间间隔之处正是停顿之处，注意下列语句朗读时停顿的差别：
john said, " my father is here."
"john," said my father, "is here."
she likes pineapples.?
she likes pie and apples.
he sold his houseboat and trailer.
he sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些单词发音相同，也可能给听力理解带来困难，如：
what is black and white, and read (red) all over?
这里在听的时候，很难分请是read还是red。
（6）语调：语调是说话者表达情感的一种手段，同样一个句子如果语调不同，则意思就有可能发生变化，如：
open the door, will you? ?j
open the door, won't you? ?k
用声调表示一种请求，用降调表示命令。
what? ?jwhat??k?j升调表示疑问，降升表示吃惊和不相信。
测试中同样有可能考查语调的作用，如：
①(1996年1月第2题)
w：what an accident!if you've been careful, things would not be as
they are.
m: what do you mean? it was my?jfault? ?kif it were, ?k surely
i'll take all responsibility for it.
q：what's the man mean?
a: he is not to blame
b: it was his fault
c: he will accept all resposibity
d: he will be more careful next time
一、 语言因素在听力中的运用
听力理解可分为字面理解和深层理解。要做到字面理解，就必须具备一定的语音知识、一定的词汇知识和一定的语法知识。也只有在理解字面意思的基础上才有可能对听力材料进行深层次的理解，所以语言因素是听力理解的基础。我们常提到的语言因素包括：
1、语音知识
听力不同于阅读，要求们必须具备准确辨音的能力，这是口头交际的基础。在正确掌握每个单词的发音的同时，必须注意以下几个方面：
（1）中最小对立体的发音，如ship---sheep, cheap ---- chip, pig ---peg, sack ---sock等，有针对性地进行发音训练，比如绕口令之类的练习，如she sells sea cells by the seashore. if she sells sea cells by the seashore, then she sells seashore cells，适当加强一些针对性的听力练习。
（2）重读与弱读：汉语是一个汉字一个音节，而英语中的一个单词可能就有好多音节，这就造成了英汉节奏的差别。而中的一些虚词一般要弱读，这有可能会给听力造成一定的困难。对此也应该进行专项训练。如：
what's the time? sing us a song. i've eaten them all. he has already visited a great number of different places in australia.(红体部分的音节重读)
（3）连读：连读时语速加快，连读的单词之间没有了间隔，会给理解带来困难。如：
in ˇor ˇout, yearˇ in and year ˇout, for ˇan ˇhour
（4）意群：听力时不能一个单词一个单词地去理解，应该注意意群，因为意群之间间隔之处正是停顿之处，注意下列语句朗读时停顿的差别：
john said, " my father is here."
"john," said my father, "is here."
she likes pineapples.?
she likes pie and apples.
he sold his houseboat and trailer.
he sold his house, boat, and trailer.
（5）注意同音字：有些单词发音相同，也可能给听力理解带来困难，如：
what is black and white, and read (red) all over?
这里在听的时候，很难分请是read还是red。
（6）语调：语调是说话者表达情感的一种手段，同样一个句子如果语调不同，则意思就有可能发生变化，如：
open the door, will you? ?j
open the door, won't you? ?k
用声调表示一种请求，用降调表示命令。
what? ?jwhat??k?j升调表示疑问，降升表示吃惊和不相信。
测试中同样有可能考查语调的作用，如：
①(1996年1月第2题)
w：what an accident!if you've been careful, things would not be as
they are.
m: what do you mean? it was my?jfault? ?kif it were, ?k surely
i'll take all responsibility for it.
q：what's the man mean?
a: he i
s not to blame
b: it was his fault
c: he will accept all resposibity
d: he will be more careful next time
陈述句尾用升调，加强反问语气，if短语与surely用降调，表明说话人对情况的不认同和敢于承担责任的态度，显然他认为自己是不该受责备的，故选a。
2、词汇和语法
（1）注意扩充词汇量：研究发现，词汇量是影响听力的主要因素之一，词汇量的匮乏往往是造成听力能力提高的首要因素。因此，们在训练听力技巧的同时，应注意词汇量的扩充。
（2）加强同义表达方式的听力训练：在听力选择中，相当一部分情况下，答案就是对话的同义表达方式。如：
①（1995年6月第7题）
m: i'm getting absolutely nowhere with these physics problems.
w: how about my going through them with you?
q: what does the woman mean?
a. she could help him with the problems.
b. he should go out for a while.
c. she could go out together with him.
d. he should do the problems himself.
go through them with you 与 help him with the problems意思一样，故选a。
② （1995年6月第6题）
m: excuse me, but i didn't hear clearly what you said. did you say
that your teaching assistant would mark the exam papers?
w: no. i said he would collect the papers. i'll grade them myself.
q: what did the woman say about the exam?
a.her teaching assistant would grade the exam papers.
b.she would collect the exam papers herself.
c.she would mark the exam papers herself.
d.she would not give her students an exam.
grade与mark同义，所以选c。
（3）加强语法概念的单句理解练习：听力测试中有相当一部分情况下，有对语法结构表意功能的考查，如虚拟语气的含义，建议的表达方式等。如：
①（1995年6月第7题）
m: i'm getting absolutely nowhere with these physics problems.
w: how about my going through them with you?
q: what does the woman mean?
a. she could help him with the problems.
b. he should go out for a while.
c. she could go out together with him.
d. he should do the problems himself.
how about 用来提出建议，所以对此类固定语法结构的掌握是听力测试的一个方面。
②（1998年1月第1题）
w：i haven't had much exercise lately. my only recreation has been
watching tv or going to the movies. what do you do for
recreation?
m: in summer i like playing tennis instead of swimming and
boating, and my favorite sport in the winter is skating.
q: what is the man's favorite sport in summer?
a. swimming b. playing tennis
c. boating d. playing table tennis
instead of 表示的是排除在外的意思，故选b。
二、知识因素在语言中的运用
这里所说的知识包括与听力材料有关的背景知识、对话和文章的话题知识、听力的策略知识以及听力测试的命题规律等知识。
1、背景知识
对听力材料的背景知识的了解有助于听力材料的理解，而缺乏应有的背景知识常常是造成理解失败的原因。听力对话和听力短文所涉及的领域广泛，要求们注意积累有关文化、、、宗教、、风俗、生活等各方面的知识，正是rich experiences are the facilitator of listening comprehension. （1999年1月第7题）
w: i just made a jar of jam this morning and now i can't find it
anywhere. do you know what happened to it?
m: did you hear a crash, that was it ,i'm just as clumsy as ever.
q: what is the problem?
a. the woman doesn't like jam.
b. the woman forgot where she had left the jar.
c. the man had an accident.
d. the man broke the jar.
这是一个典型的美式幽默，如果对英美人的习俗文化有所了解的话，那么这题很容易选d。
2、话题知识
无论是对话还是短文，都有其所涉及的话题，所要说明的主题，而材料中的一切又都是为了这一主题服务，表现同一主题，或同一话题又有与其同现的词汇。同学们可以通过这些词汇推测文章的话题，然后通过文章的主题，预测文章的大体内容，从而对短文进行整体的理解。们同样可以通过同现的词汇推测对话发生的地点，会话人之间的关系，各自的身份等。
（1）利用词汇的同现判断对话发生的地点以及会话人之间的关系和身份、职业等。如： （1997年6月第7题）
m：i've just got back from the holiday you arranged for me. but i
must tell you the hotel was really awful. it was miles from the
sea. the food was awful too. the bedroom was dirty.
w:
sorry about that. but it's not really our fault. the contract
does say that the hotel accommodation is not our
responsibility.
q: where is this conversation probably taking place?
a. at the airport. b. in a travel agency.
c. in a hotel. d. at the reception desk.
从holiday you arranged for me 和contract可明显地推断b为正确答案。
(2) 利用话题和主题知识把握全文：
文章的主题一般出现在文章的首句，在听时一定要注意首句的理解，然后根据首句推测文章可能会包括的内容，在听的过程注意用来说明主题的，进行前后的连贯思索，就可以轻松解全文。事实上听力中也有对文章主题的考查。如：
（1996年6月passage 2）
you should not fear spiders because of their poison. of all the spiders in north america, only kind is very dangerous and most would not bite even if they were handled. they much prefer to run away or to drop to the ground on a thread of silk. even so, when a spider runs directly toward a person, it gives the impression that it is about to attack. actually, it cannot see the person in its way. the spider is too short-sighted to see things at a distance. it only wants to go where it won't be disturbed. in the united states one kind of spider is responsible for the frightening reputation of the rest. it is the black widow. so called because the female, which is larger than the male, often eate cannot see the person in its way. the spider is too short-sighted to see things at a distance. it only wants to go where it won't be disturbed. in the united states one kind of spider is responsible for the frightening reputation of the rest. it is the black widow. so called because the female, which is larger than the male, often eats her husband after making love. the black widow is found in all states but is most common in the south and the west. she constructs a loose, irregular web under a pile of rowans or near the foundations of buildations of buildings where she is seldom disturbed. she is not an attacking spider and many people have proven this by letting her crawl over their hands. when she bites, it is usually in self-defence. in spite of the stories you may have heard, it is rare for a person to be bitten by a black widow and even more unusual for the bite to prove fatal. but remember that her poison is powerful and even though she is shy, she should be respected.
15. what is this passage mainly about?
16. what do we learn about the spiders from the passage?
17. why is the spider you just heard about called the black widow?
15. a. how to handle spiders. b. spiders in the united states.
c. people's fear of spiders. d. a special kind of spider.
16. a. most spiders will not bite even when handled.
b. most spiders are poisonous and dangerous.
c. most spiders are likely to attack people.
d. most spiders have sharp eyes.
17. a. because she cannot find a husband for herself.
b. because the female spider is larger than the male one.
c. because she is a black female spider.
d. because she is a black female spider.
3、策略知识
除具备以上知识以外，为了保证听力的质量，们，还必须了解一些策略知识，包括听力策略和听力应试策略。
1） 听力策略
听力策略是听力质量的保证。一般情况下，们应掌握的听力策略有：
（1）有目的地去听：听要有目的，是要了解大意还是具体的细节，什么细节，在听之前应该首先确定听的目的。
（2）听大意：听大意的方式与阅读中的览读技巧相同，要求们在听的时候将注意力集中在话题上，和要表达的主题上，抓主要的东西，而不是具体的细节。
（3）听具体：与"听大意"不同，该听力技巧要求们在听的时候只注意相关具体细节就可，如文中的具体任务，具体事件，事件发生的具体地点，时间，原因等。
（4）记笔记：在听的过程中，们有必要对重要做一下记录，以帮助对听力材料的记忆，也便于随后的推理和判断。
（5）预测：在听的过程中对下文进行预测是整体理解的保证，预测愈是准确，理解也愈是简单。
2）应试策略
所谓应试策略指应付考试的有效手段，一般包括
（1）预读选项
预读选项指在听之前先将的四个选项浏览一遍。这是做好听力必备的技巧。通过分析四个选项可以对所提问的问题有个大体的了解，使听更富于目的性，带着问题去听，有助于提高注意力，将注意力集中于对话中的某一点
，减少听的负担，解题也更加准确，快捷。如：
①(1998年6月第7题)
a. someone has taken away her luggage.
b. her flight is 50 minutes late.
c. her luggage has been delayed.
d. she can't find the man she's been waiting for.
在四个选项中提到了luggage与flight，可推测对话应该发生在机场行李处。一个是行李的丢失问题，一个是飞机误点的问题，一个是接站人的问题，有了上面清晰的思路，一更容易从对话中找到有关。原文如下：
w: could you help me, sir? my flight got in 15 minutes ago.
everyone else has picked up the luggage but mine hasn't come
through.
m: i'm sorry, madame, but i'll go and find out if there is any
more to come.
q: what's the woman's problem?
从flight got in 与 pick up luggage, mine hasn't come through可容易推知正确答案为c。
②（1998年1月第11-13题）
11. a. about 45 million. b. about 50 million.
c. about 5.4 million. d. about 4.5 million.
12. a.the actors and actresses are not paid for their performance.
b.the actors and actresses only perform in their own
communities.
c. they exist only in small communities.
d. they only put on shows that are educational.
13. a. it provides them with the opportunity to watch performances
for free.
b. it provides them with the opportunity to make friends.
c. it gives them the chance to do something creative.
d. it gives them a chance to enjoy modern art.
综合四道题的选项，我们可以推测文章是关于某类演出（performance）的人数、性质和作用。那么多少人观看或者参与演出，演出的又以什么样的形式，在什么地方进行呢，而观众或演员又从该类演出中得到了哪些方面的收获呢。带着这些问题仔细搜索相关内容，而对于不相关，则可以忽略。
请看原文：
a community theatre is an important part of almost every city or town in the united states. there are over 2,000 community theatres in the united states today, about 4.5 million people work or perform in thses theatres for an audience of more than 50 million people annually. thses theatres are amateur organizations and are different from professional theatre companies. a community theatre may have its own building or perform in a school or church hall. the actors and actresses do not receive money for their work in the community theater. they have other jobs to support themselves instead. small communities can't support a full time theatre. they cannot pay actors, directors or stage workers, so the theatre participants work for free. one purpose of community theatre is to provide an opportunity for creative work. many people join in community theatres because they want to perform or to be creative. several people in a community theatre group were asked why they join. each one said he or she needed to be creative, to be something original. one man said“i loved act, it's the almost time i feel a life”. another said“i have a very boring job. in the play, i can create something”. one woman said“my whole life is occupied by husband and family. ineed something more than that.”another purpose of community theatre is to educate and improve the community. theatre is an art that also introduces new ideas to the audience.
11. how many people participate in the work of community theatres in
the united states?
12. how are community theatres different from professional theatre
companies?
13. what opportunity does the community theatre provide to the people
in a community?
文章开头有两个数字，稍加注意便可知道第11题答案应为d。对于community theatres的特点，文章中间部分有四五句话都是围绕work for free展开的内容稍加推理，便可知第12哽，答案为a。在文章最后，谈及人们考与这种community theatres的演出的收获，这是我们从预读选项后就加以注意了的，因此容易得出第13题的答案为c。
(2)记笔记
记笔记是一项比较重要的听力技巧，尤其是在听短文时，实际上听力中也有对记笔记的专项考题，如听写填空。因为各题的四个选项都有可能在对话中或文章中出现，记笔记有助于分清具体的细节，以免出现混淆。如：
(1998年6月第18-20题)
18. a. to determine whether the earth's temperature is going up.
b. to study the behavior of some sea animals.
c. to measure the depths of the ocean.
d. to measure the movement of waves in the ocean.
19. a. they were frightened and distressed.
b. they swam away when the speaker was turned on.
c. they swam closer to “examine”the speaker when it was
turned off.
d. they didn't seem to be frightened and kept swimming near
the speaker.
&nb
sp; 20. a. to attract more sea animals to the testing site.
b. to drive dangerous sea animals away from the testing site.
c. to help trace the sea animals being tested.
d. to determine how sea animals communicate with each other.
原文：
a team of scientists recently began a project to measure the effects of loud noises on sea animals. if the sounds don't harm the animals, them the researchers can go ahead with a plan to transmit sound waves through the pacific ocean to take earth's temperature. sound travels faster through warm water than cold water. by analyzing the speed of sound through the ocean over time, the scientists will be able to determine if our planet is warming up. the experiment was nearly cancelled more than a year ago because environmental groups fear that the sound will confuse or harm the sea-animals. so, scientists are conducting tests on the animals first. the researchers lowered a loud speaker that emits low frequency sound about 1000 meters beneath the ocean. scientists at the site transmit sound waves into the ocean. radio transmitters attached to some of the sea-animals help the researches keep track of the animals' movements. if sea-animals are distressed by the sounds, they would swim away from the speakers. so far, there aren't any signs that the animals are being harmed. researchers at the site noticed that large numbers of sea-animals swim near the speaker whether it was turned on or off, but it is still too soon to know for sure, the scientists admit. the test will continue through september. “if all goes well,”they say, we can begin measuring temperature changes on our planet.
18. what is the purpose of analyzing the speed of sound through the
pacific ocean?
19. what was the the reaction of the sea-animals to the sound tests?
20. for what purpose were radio transmitters used?
如果们在听之前预读以下选项，就可以猜出本篇听力材料中时间一定不少，在听的过程中就应该做一下笔记，记一下时间与事件之间的关系。时间弄清楚了，答案也就清楚了，18题为a，19题为d，20题为c。
（3）整体理解
无论是对话还是文章都是围绕一个主题展开的，文章的一切细节都是用来说明一个主题。一般选择题的设计也都是针对文章的主题和用来说明主题的有关细节。在听的时候，考生通过预读选项了解了文章的话题范围，这样在听的之后就可以搜索与该话题有关的，前后联系，综合考虑，从而把握文章的主题。前后的关联，整体的把握对听力文章的理解至关重要，不能因为细节而忽略整体。要做到整体理解需要：
① 注意文章的首句。一般文章的主题由首句提出，然后以举例、列举、比较、对照等手段，抓住首句也就掌握了文章的主题，对文章的叙事方式也就有了预测性的了解。理解起来也就简单了许多。
② 抓关键词。并不是每个单词，每个句子都同样的重要，有的是论点，有的是论据，有的只表示关联，更有很多是冗余。因此，在听的时候，们要注意分清哪些是关键词汇，哪些是关键句子，将注意力集中在关键之处。
③ 忽略。所谓忽略，指当们遇到难以理解的词句时不要停，而是跳过去，继续听下文，根据上下文的关系去理解文章。
影响听力的因素很多，有助于听力的技巧也很多，如六级听力测试的模式、考查重点和具体应对策略。