专业八级TEM-8练习1_TEM8指导
tem-8 exercise 1
part 2 proofreading and error correction [15 min]
proofread the given passage on answer sheet two as instructed.
the following passage contains ten errors. each indicated line contains a maximum of one error. in each case, only one word is involved. you should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:
for a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
for a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
for an unneccessary word, cross the unnecesary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
example
when ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, an
it buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall. never
when a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must exhibit
often build it.
when a human infant is born into any community in any part
of the world it has two things in common with any infant, pro-
(1)
vided neither of them have been damaged in any way either be-
(2)
fore or during birth. firstly, and most obviously, new born chil-
dren are completely helpless. apart from a powerful capacity to
pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is noth-
(3)
ing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. with-
out care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,
grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to sur-
vive. this helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast
with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet
(4)
within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few
hours. although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes
(5)
for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human
infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them.
(6)
it is during this very long period in which the human infant
is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second fea-
(7)
ture which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a
capacity to learn language. for this reason, biologists now sug-
gest that language be 'species specific' to the human race, that is
(8)
to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed
(9)
in such way that it can acquire language. this suggestion implies
(10)
that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensitionally
and in colour, and just as they are designed to stand upright
rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn
and use language as part of their normal development as well-
formed human beings.
part 3 reading comprehension [40 min]
section a reading comprehensin [30 min]
in this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.
text a
on society
low self-esteem pops up regularly in academic reports as an explaination for all sorts of violence,from hate crimes and street crimes to terrorism. but despite
the popularity of the explanation, not much evidence backs it up. in a recent issue of psychological review, three researchers examine this literature aat length and conclude that a much stronger link connects high self-esteem to violence. "it is difficult to maintain belief in the low self-esteem view after seeing that the more violent groups are generally the ones with higher self-esteem," write roy barmeister of case western reserve university and laura smart and joseph boden of the university of virginia.
the conversation view is that people without welf-esteem try to gain it by hurting others. the researchers find that violence is much more often the work of people with unrealistically high self-esteem attacking others who challenge their self-image. under this umbrella come bullies, rapists, racists, psychopaths and members of street gangs and organized crime.
the study concludes: "certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase one's proneness to violence. an uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore be couterproductive and even dangerous......the societal pursuit of high self-esteem for everyone may literally end up doing considerable harm."
as for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel better about themselves,"perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility," the researchers write.
in an interview with the boston globe, baumeister said he believes the "self"-promoting establishment is starting to crumble. "what would work better for the country is to forget about self-esteem and concentrate on self-control," he said.
in the schools, this would mean turning away from psychic boosterism and emphasizing self-esteem as a by-product of real achievement, not as an end in itself. the self-esteem movement, still entrenched in schools of education, is deeply implicated in the dumbing down of our schools, and in the spurious equality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow if one student does any better or any worse than another. let's hope it is indeed crumbling.
11. the researcher find that there are stronger connections between _____
a. low self-esteem and violence.
b. low self-control and violence.
c. high self-image and violence.
d. high self-control and violence.
正确答案是
12. the researchers would most probably agree with the following except _____
a. self-esteem should be promoted and encouraged.
b. schools should change their concept of self-esteem.
c. the traditional view is beginning to lose ground.
d. prisons should change their present practice.
正确答案是
text b
social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous, simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the former. there are more ideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions. in addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneous societies. all these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision rather than subjecting them to authority. in a quite homogeneous society, there are fewer occaions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, because everything seems to be the same and, if not satisfactory, at least customary and undisputed.
within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily (1) in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; (2) in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; (3) in the less basic, less emotional, or less sacred aspects of society than in their opposites, like religion or a system of prestige; (4) in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; (5) in form rather than in substance; and (6) in elements congenial to the culture rather than in strange elements.
furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. for example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. this is one reason why change has not come more quickly to black americans as compared to other american minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
13. according to the passage, the main difference between a homogeneous society and a heterogeneous one lies in _____
a. the number of opportunities offered.
b. the nature of conflicts of interest.
c. the awareness of the need for change.
d. the role of social organizations.
正确答案是
14. the author would most probably agree that changes are more likely to be successful in _____
a. production methods.
b. ideological concepts.
c. religious
beliefs.
d. social behavior.
正确答案是
text c
one argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall. people in jobs will work fewer hours in the day, fewer days in the week, fewer weeks in the year, and fewer years in a lifetime, than they do now. this will mean that more jobs will be available for more people. this, it is said, is the way we should set about restoring full employment.
there is no doubt that something of this kind will happen. the shorter working week, longer holidays, earlier retirement, job-sharing -- these and other ways of reducing the amount of time people spend on their jobs -- are certainly likely to spread. a mix of part-time paid work and part-time unpaid work is likely to become a much more common work pattern than today, and a flexi-life pattern of work -- involving paid employment at certain stages of life, but not at others -- will become widespread. but it is surely unrealistic to assume that this will make it possible to restore full employment as the dominant form of work.
in the first place, so long as employment remains the overwhelmingly important form of work and source of income for most people that it is today, it is very difficult to see how reductions in employees' working time can take place on a scale sufficiently been, for example in britain and germany, about the possibility of introducing a 35-hour working week, have highlighted some of the difficulties. but, secondly, if changes of this kind were to take place at a pace and on a scale sufficient to make it possible to share employment among all who wanted it, the resulting situation -- in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week -- could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work. there would be so many people spending so much of their time on other activities, including other forms of useful work, that the primacy of employment would be bound to be called into question, at least to some extent.
15. the author uses the negotiations in britain and germany as an example to _____
a. support reductions in employees' working time.
b. indicate employees are unwilling to share jobs.
c. prove the possibility of sharing paid employment.
d. show that employment will lose its dominance.
正确答案是
16. at the end of the passage the author seems to imply that as a result of shorter working time _____
a. employment may not retain its usual importance.
b. employment may not be regarded as valid work.
c. people can be engaged in far less unpaid work.
d. people can be engaged in far more unpaid work.
正确答案是
17. the author's attitude towards future full employment is generally _____
a. supportive.
b. wavering.
c. sceptical.
d. unclear.
正确答案是
text d
during the early stages of the industrial revolution, advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products. but when factory production got into full swing and new products, e.g. processed foods, came onto the market, national advertisng campaigns and brand-naming of products became necessary. before large-scale factory production, the typical manufacturing unit had been undertaken by wholesalers. the small non-specialised factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt its production according to changes in public demands.
but the economic depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organisation and distribution and the new. from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the 1870s, production had steadily expanded and there had been a corresponding growth in retail outlets. but the depression brought on a crisis of over-production and under-consumption -- manufacture goods piled up unsold and prices and profits fell. towards the end of century many of the small industrial firms realised that they would be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they combined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket. they also realised that they would have to take steps to ensure that one their goods had been produced there was a market for them. this period ushered in the first phase of what econo
mists now call "monopoly capitalism", which, roughly speaking, refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises. whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms, after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products.
a good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. from about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers. competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. for instance, the future lord leverhulme decided to "brand" his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty.
lord leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realise that advertisements should contain "logical and considered" arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans. mary advertisers followed his lead and started to include "reason-why" copy in their ads. for example, one contemporary pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds. and an ad for cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits: "for the infant it is a delight and a support; for the young girl, a source of healthy vigour; for the young turner rightly points out, the advertising of this period had reached the "stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration". indeed advertise or burst seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the largest companies.
18. an example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the industrial revolution is _____
a. a cooking utensil.
b. a new child's toy.
c. tinned fruit.
d. household soap.
正确答案是
19. one of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading companies was to _____
a. buy out small firms.
b. take over distribution.
c. resort to product designing.
d. keep contact with their customers.
正确答案是
20. in addition to distinctive package, contemporary products should also _____
a. draw customers' attention to their benefits.
b. make customers aware of their attractiveness.
c. display details of the main ingredients.
d. focus on proclamation and iteration.
正确答案是
text e
pardon me: how are your manners?
the decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to gentility recalled, edited by dighy anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that one regulated social conduct. it criticised the fact that "manners" are scorned as repressive and outdated.
the result, according to mr anderson -- director of the social affairs unit, an independent think-tank -- is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behavior on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.
mr andeson says the cumulative effect of these__apparently trivial, but often offensive -- is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. as they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.
when people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. meanwhile, attempts to re-establish restraint and self-control through "politically correct" rules are artificial.
the book has contributions from 12 academics in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the "coarsening" of britain. old-fashioned terms such as "gentleman" and "lady" have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says. rachel trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of st. hugh's college, oxford, says that the notion of a "lady" protects women rather than demeaning them.
feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says.
; "women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims."
caroline moore, the first woman fellow of peterhouse, cambridge, points out that "gentleman" is now used only with irony or derision.
"the popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are...the stock-in-trade of television."
she argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behaviour enable a man to act naturally as and individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society.
"politeness is no constraint, precisely because the manners... are no 'code' but a language, rich, flexible, restrained and infinitely subtle."
for anthony o'hear, professor of philosophy at the university of bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behaviour appropriate to age and status. they curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age.
egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. "we have vice-chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies... the trendy vicar on his motorbike."
dr athen leoussi, sociology lecturer at reading university, bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their sartorial appearance.
dress, she says, is the outward expression of attitudes and aspirations. the ubiquitousness of jeans "displays a utilitarian attitude" that has "led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life".
dr leoussi says that while clothes used to be seen as a means of concealing taboo forces of sexuality and vilence, certain fashions -- such as leather jackets -- have the opposite effect.
dr bruc charlton, a lecturer in public health medicine in newcastle upon tyne, takes issue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such as doctors and bank managers, and their clients. he says this has eroded the distance and respect necessary in such relationships. for tristam engelhardt, professor of medicine houston, texas, says manners are bound to morals.
"manners express a particular set of values," he says. "good manners intepret and transform social reality. they provide social orientation."
21. according to the passage, the decline of good manners is more worrying because _____
a. it leads to more crime in society.
b. people view manners as old-fashioned.
c. rudeness on the street cannot be stemmed out.
d. it can seriously affect our daily life.
正确答案是
22. rachel trickett seems to indicate the term "lady" _____
a. has acquired a different meaning.
b. is too old-fashioned to use.
c. is preferred by feminists.
d. victimizes women in society.
正确答案是
23. according to caroline moore, the media has projected a _____ image of the gentleman.
a. humorous
b. favourable
c. negative
d. traditional
正确答案是
24. in anthony o'hear's view, a well mannered person _____
a. acts rashly when he is young.
b. tends to be bad-tempered in old age.
c. behaves with a sense of appropriacy.
d. attaches importance to his status.
正确答案是
25. dr. bruce charlton would probably prefer to see a more formal relationship _____
a. among doctors.
b. among managers.
c. between doctors and managers.
d. between doctors and patients.
正确答案是
section b skimming and scanning [10 min]
in this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.
text f
first read the question.
31. the president of association of american railroads wrote the letter to _____
a. complain about public ignorance of its effects to improve the service.
b. criticize u.s. news for not reporting its effects to improve the safety record.
c. inform the public of what it has achieved over the past decade.
d. thank u.s. news for informing the public of its effects to reduce accident rate.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.
december 20th 199_
dear editor,
the american railroad industry's commitment to safety is demonstrated by a steadily declining accident rate over the past decade. the accident rate per million train miles has been reduces by 55 percent since 1981 and 21 percent since 1990. in 11 of the past 16 years, the rail passenger fatality rate was lower than or the same as the airline rate. in addition, rail employees had half the number of lost workday injuries per 100
full-time employees as did airline workers.
nowhere does u.s. news mention that america's railroads have spent more than us' 90 billion just since 1990 to maintain and improve tracks and equipment. nowhere do you mention that railroads -- on their own initiative and at their own expense -- developed and installed a new type of wheel that is much less likely to fracture and cause accidents. nowhere do you mention how railroads are now testing a new type of electronically assisted brake that can reduce stopping distance by 40 percent. nowhere do you explain that more than 90 percent of rail-related fatalities involve highway-rail grade crossing accidents or trespassers -- accidents over which railroads have almost no control. "facts are stubborn thing," wrote john adams more than 200 years ago. stubborn, that is, unless you choose to ignore them. that is what u. s. news has chosen to do.
edwin l.harper
president and chief executive officer
association of american railroads
text g
first read the question.
26. the author of the passage is ____ johannesburg.
a. concerned about
b. critical of
c. nostalgic about
d. hopeful about
正确答案是
now go through the text quickly and answer the question.
for a city purposed to be dying, johannerburg looks pretty lively on a saturday moring. fleets of mini vans deliver black shoppers from sweto to the teeming sidewalks downtown, where zairian hawkers peddle everything from kiwis to toasterovens. mozambican barbers shear locks under coloured plastic tents. the carlton centre mall buzzers with chatter in english, french, zulu and tswana. at the fastfood africa hut, weary shoppers fortify themselves with oxtail stew and pap, a maize-based starch. there are few white flight. "i'm targeting african customers more than whites," says jabi, who recently opened a jeweller's. "look around, they're everywhere."
white south africans used to boast that johannesburg was continental in flavor. it still is, only now the continent is africa. with apartheid ended and laws forbidding black africans to live in town repealed, "joburg" has become blacker, poorer and more dangerous. it is also more vibrant than ever. "the city is not declining, it's changing," says lindsay brmner, a white member of the greater johannesburg metroplitan council. "there are real problems, but perception is our biggest."
plenty of africans -- white and black -- are willing to invest in the new johannesburg. large retailers like woolworth's are pumping millions of brands into new, flagship stores. black and asian shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers have moved in to replace the whites who have left. city planners hope this blend of wealth and africanization will make johannesburg the continent's economic and cultural capital.
text h
first read the question.
27. the primary purpose of the article is to
a. introduce domingo to opera people.
b. show domingo's concern for opera goers.
c. comment on doming's versatility.
d. advertise a new model of rolex watch.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.
every half century or so , a leader emerges in his field of such substance and force that he stands out head and shoulder above the rest and the best.
even to people who have never graced the great opera houses of the world, the name and the voice of placide domingo are justifiably hailed. but for those who will queue all night to share the sheer color of this man's singing, he is a legend.
a legend which can be heard from hamburg to paris, from milan to new york.
but placido is not simply the world's greatest tenor; rather a complete musician who are possesses a marvellous voice.
at rehearsals, his mastery of the piano enables him to sit and play through the score; thinking of the emotions that words and music are attempting to communicate.
his experience as a conductor gives him objectivity, not only about his own interpretation of the part, but also on the total performance.
"to understand the part," he says, "one must first musically and dramatically understand the whole. i was lucky to have been given the talents to do this."
placido domingo also has an extremely good understanding of the watch he choose to wear.
a rolex oyster gmt-master in 18ct. gold.
"thi
s watch is perfect for me," he says, "because it simultaneously tells me the time in two different countries which is extremely useful considering the amount of travelling i have to do. and opera people all over the world are pleased too, because now i don't get them out of bed when i ring them. and, unlike me, this watch never needs a rest. you could say it's my favourite instrument."
for the complete musician. the complete watch. by rolex of geneva.
text i
first read the question.
28. the theme of the book by maric winn is presumably
a. child abuse.
b. family relationship.
c. loss of childhood innocence.
d. teen-age rebellion.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.
each new crop of adolescents always seems unfathomable to its predecessors. but when journalist marie winn began to study today's youngsters, she discovered something far more fundamental and disturbing than just another teen-age rebellion. in the short space of the past decade, she comments in her recent book children without childhood, that many middle-class american childrenn -- not high-schoolers, but kids between the ages of about 6 and 12 -- have been robbed of their most precious birthright -- childhood itself. willy-nilly, the typical fifth grader, one blissfully ignorant of adult matters, is now aware not just of sex and violence, but also of injustice, fear of death, adult frailty and cruelty, political corruption and economic instability.
what explains this sudden loss of innocence? one potent influence was the sexual revolution of the '60s. the new sexual awareness of that decade exposed adults and children alike to an endless parade of erotic possibilities. another factor is the children into intimate contact with their parents' self-absorption, vulnerability and quite often, new sexual liaisions.
perhaps the most interesting explanation here for the altered nature of childhood is the sweeping change that occurred during the 1970s in the economic and social status of women. as hordes of them left home for the workplace and shed their own protected position as child-wives, according to winn, the effect of child rearing was cataclysmic. in practical terms, kids were left with far less supervision. but something much more basic happened as well. newly emancipated women began to feel that it was no longer fair to demand submission and deference from their offspring -- or to deny them full access to information about life's confusing realities.
such treatment was well intentioned. but, as winn documents, "new-era child rearing" -- in which the child is enlisted as an equal partner in his own upbringing -- has turned out to be a disaster. children do not prosper when treated as adults. instead, what they require to accomplish their important tasks of learning and exploration and play is the security of dependency, of their inherent inequality.
while the social forces that have transformed family life are probably irreversible, some measures, winn suggests, can be taken to keep children from learning too much too soon. couples who are bent primarily on self-fulfilment or high-powered careers would do well to think twice about producing offspring at all. those who do become parents should be willing to take an authoritative position in the family and to sacrifice their own time for supervision of the kids.
youngsters between the ages of 6 to 12, winn emphasizes, require just as much time and attention as toddlers. she also urges parents to repress, gently, their children's sexuality by withholding information and maintaining discipline -- not out of prudery, but becarse young people whose innocence is prolonged will devote most energy to learning and play, skills that ultimately lead to creativity and achievement. and in the meantime, they can enjoy the blessing of a real childhood.
text j
first read the questions.
agriculture
29. the uncultivated part of the arable land in saudi arabia is _____
a. 9,000 sq.km.
b. 15,000 sq.km.
c. 6,000 sq. km.
d. 242,000 sq.km.
正确答案是
30. saudi farmers' success in agriculture can be attributed to all the following factors except _____
a. abundant ground-water reserves.
b. government's heavy subsidization.
c. interest-free loans from the bank.
d. government's investment in
agriculture.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.
few people think of saudi arabia as a farm country, but agricultural production reached 1.5 billion last year and is on the rise. tomatoes, squash, potatoes and lettuce are grown in the desert, and there are large fields of wheat. in many cases the fields are watered by long irrigation arms that revolve on huge electrically-driven wheels.
water comes from rainfall, ground-water or wells. there are 15,000 sq.km. of arable land in the kingdom, only 6000 sq.km. of which are under cultivation.
recent investigations have confirmed sufficient underground water reserves to support a century of sustained withdrawal, irrigating an additional 600,000 acres (242,000 hectares).
between 1975 and 1980, 12 commercial dairy farms were established, making fresh milk available in commercial quantities for the first time. an additional 16 dairy farms will be in operation by 1985, producing 500,000 tons of milk a year, and making the kingdom almost self-sufficient in this important commodity.
due to heavy subsidization, saudi arabia may also achieve self-sufficiency in wheat production by the end of this year. domestic yield reached 400,000 tons in 1982 with 600,000 tons expected this year. by 1985, and additional 144,000 acres will be placed in cereal production.
the 1982 harvest yielded 10,000 tons of potatoes and 77,000 tons of dates, of which 500 tons were exported.
saudi farmers are having considerable success raising cucumbers and tomatoes in enclosed humidity-controlled conditions. using these hydroponic techniques, they are able to harvest such produce in five to eight weeks after transplanting.
experiments are also provided the domestic market with 80 million chickens last year, 29% of national consumption, and 1.1 billion eggs, 90% of local requirements.
the saudi government's incentives to invest in the agricultural sector are unusually attractive: the saudi arabian agricultural bank offers interest-free loans on 80% of the cost of a project up to 15 million. fertilizers and animal feed are eligible for 50% of cost subsidies, and selected farm equipment, subsidies of 30 to 50% of the cost.
the airfreight for flying cattle into the country is paid for by the government, as is water for irrigation.
as of october 1982 the agricultural bank had made loans amounting to us '1.75 billion.
during the current five-year plan the government is investing us '2.4 billion in the agricultural sector.
text k
first read the questions.
drought
31. when can the drought be expected to end?
a. in no time.
b. in the summer.
c. in the fall.
d. beyond prediction.
正确答案是
32. the drought is predicted to cause to texas agribusiness.
a. a us '2.4 billion loss.
b. a us '5 billion loss.
c. a us '6.5 billion loss.
d. an inestimable loss.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.
from its headwaters at san ygnacio, texas, to its giant hydroelectric dam 50 miles downstream, falcon lake covers some 87,000 acres the rio grande and the u.s.-mexican border. created in the 1950's to improve flood control and irrigation, the lake is a water monument to the era of gigantic public works. but the worst drought since the eisenhower years has lowered the water level by nearly 50 feet__and bit by bit, falcon lake is revealing the secrets of its long-submerged past. on the texas side of the lake, drowned border towns like zapata and lopeno, relocated when the dam was built, are reemerging from the flood. on the mexican side, near the town of benevides, stone crosses in a once submerged old cemetery rise like eerie sentinels to the drought. the last time anybody saw these graves, segregation was the law of the land, the dodgers were still in brooklyn and bill clinton was in second grade.
the two-year drawdown of falcon lake is only one symptom of the drought of '96 -- a slowly gathering crisis that is putting a huge strain on the water supplies of the fast-growing cities of the southwest and on the farm-and-cattle regions of the southern plains as well. from los angeles to corpus christi, from brownsville to nebraska, the drought pits state against state, city dwellers against farmers and farmers against a global weather system that has turned suddenly hostile toward man. severe to extreme drought conditions now prevail across the whole southwester
n part of the united states, a region that includes southern california, southern nevada, all of arizona, new mexico and texas and most of utah, colorado and oklahoma. the drought has afflicted some parts of the region for up to five years and other areas for as little as 10 months. but whatever its duration, climatologists agree there is no end in sight. "the expectation is that this thing is going to continue through the summer and into the fall," says dr. don wilhite of the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, neb. "beyond that, it's anybody's guess."
what's going on here experts like whilhite say, is a reverse e1 nino effect. e1 nino ("the christ child") is a huge weather system in the western pacific that, in a good year spawns welcome winter rains in the southwestern states and the plains. when e1 nino does not appear -- and last year he didn't -- the result is even less rainfall in a region that is naturally among the fries in the world. from august 1995 to may of this year, much of the southwest and the southern plains region recorded virtually no rainfall or show. that dried out the soil and set the stage for a deepening drought.
in texas, oklahoma, eastern colorado and western kansas, the lack of rainfall fairly crushed the 1996 winter-wheat crop. it also led to a significant shortfall in the supply of cattle feed, which forced many ranchers to cut back their herds. "cattle is a us '5 billion-a-year industry in texas," says texas agriculture commissioner historic proportions," perry says the damage to texas agribusiness has already reached us '2.4 billion and could rise to us '6.5 billion -- which would make the '96 drought the most costly natural disaster in the state's history.
text l
first read the questions.
33. the city that doesn't have a lord mayor is _____.
a. melbourne
b. brisbane
c. adelaide
d. devonport
正确答案是
34. in ____ council members are elected to serve a two year term.
a. south australia
b. tasmania
c. new south wales
d. victoria
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.
state details in australia
new south wales (nsw)
nsw local government is divided into city, municipal and shire councils. the three largest cities: sydney, parramatta, newcastle and wollongong are run by lora mayors; cities and municipalities are run by mayors; and shires by shire presidents. the members of the city and municipal councils are known as aldermen. members of shire councils are known as councillors.
council members are elected for a term of four years and voting in council elections is compulsory. the voting system used is proportional representation in wards with three of more seats and preference in the others.
victoria (vic)
vic has the highest number of councils of any state and in some areas councils are being encouraged to amalgamate although there is often resistance to this.
the local government divisions in vic are cities, towns, boroughs and shires.
melbourne has a lord mayor while the other cities, towns and boroughs are run by mayors. shires are run by shire presidents.
member of all councils are known as councilors.
council members are elected for a three year term and voting in council elections is compulsory. the voting system used is preferential.
queensland (qld)
brisbane is the only capital city that is run by a single council. this council controls the entire metropolitan area, known as greater brisbane which covers an area of 1,000 km. (this compares with sydney and melbourne which have about 50 councils each).
the local government divisions in qld are known as cities, towns and shires. brisbane the preferential system is used while everywhere else, electors have as many votes as there are positions.
south australia (sa)
in sa the divisions are cities, corporate towns and district council areas. adelaide has a lord mayor and the cities and town are run by mayors. council district areas are run by shire presidents.
in sa council members are known as councilors but the positions of aldermen are held by councilors with experiences elected for a whole area rather than within a ward.
council members are elected for two year terms; half of the members retiring each year at an annual election. &nbs
p; voting in council elections is voluntary and everyone, including those who are not australians, is eligible to vote.
tasmania (tas)
tas has four city councils: hobart, launceston, glenorchy and devonport. hobart has a lord mayor and the other three cities mayors. the rest of the state is divided into districts known as municipalities and run by wardens.
council members serve a three year term with a third of the members going to election each year.
voting is voluntary and while it is restricted to australian citizens and british subjects who own or occupy property, alien owners are allowed to get a qualified elector to vote on their behalf.
northern territory (nt)
darwin has the only city council in nt. it is run by a lord mayor. there are at present five town councils, one shire and one corporation. as well as this there are 48 community governments. council elections are held each four years on the last saturday in may.
community governments differ from traditional councils in a number of ways. to adopt community government a petition with at least 10 signatures must be sent to the northern territory minister for local government requesting that they consider the proposal. the minister and his department then help the community devise a tailored system of government within the outlines of the scheme.
in this way no two community government will be exactly the same. there are five common policies behind the nt system of local government: community choice; community accountability; community management; community development; and self sufficiency.
council members are elected by secret ballot in a first-past-the-post system. terms run for one year and there must be eight weeks notice given for elections. the government is run by a president who is elected by the council members.
community governments in general serve more functions than a traditional council, becoming more involved with local industry and management.
paper 2 time limit: 120 min
part 4 traslation [60 min]
section a chinese to english
translate the following underlined part of the text into english. write your translation on anser sheet three.
1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。 望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多......
这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我们一同在思索......
section b english to chinese
translate the following underlined part of the text into chinese. write your translation on answer sheet two.
i agree to some extent with my imaginary english reader. american literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. they do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. and americans do swing from aggressive overphrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. but then, in fields where they are not pre-eminent__e.g. in painting and music__ they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the continent. how many english paintings try to look as though they were done in paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an "english tradition" after all.
to speak of american literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of europe. broadly speaking, america and europe have kept step. at any given moment the traveller could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. ideas have crossed the atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. when i refer to american habit, thoughts, etc., i intend some sort of qualification to precede the word, for frequently the difference between america and europe (especially england) will be one of degree, sometimes only of a small degree. the amount of divergence is a subtle affair, liable to perplex the englishman when he looks at america.
part 2 proofreading and error correction [15 min]
proofread the given passage on answer sheet two as instructed.
the following passage contains ten errors. each indicated line contains a maximum of one error. in each case, only one word is involved. you should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:
for a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
for a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
for an unneccessary word, cross the unnecesary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
example
when ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, an
it buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall. never
when a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must exhibit
often build it.
when a human infant is born into any community in any part
of the world it has two things in common with any infant, pro-
(1)
vided neither of them have been damaged in any way either be-
(2)
fore or during birth. firstly, and most obviously, new born chil-
dren are completely helpless. apart from a powerful capacity to
pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is noth-
(3)
ing the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. with-
out care from some other human being or beings, be it mother,
grandmother, or human group, a child is very unlikely to sur-
vive. this helplessness of human infants is in marked contrast
with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet
(4)
within minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few
hours. although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes
(5)
for weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human
infant they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them.
(6)
it is during this very long period in which the human infant
is totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second fea-
(7)
ture which it shares with all other undamaged human infants, a
capacity to learn language. for this reason, biologists now sug-
gest that language be 'species specific' to the human race, that is
(8)
to say, they consider the human infant to be genetic programmed
(9)
in such way that it can acquire language. this suggestion implies
(10)
that just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensitionally
and in colour, and just as they are designed to stand upright
rather than to move on all fours, so they are designed to learn
and use language as part of their normal development as well-
formed human beings.
part 3 reading comprehension [40 min]
section a reading comprehensin [30 min]
in this section there are five reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. read the passages and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.
text a
on society
low self-esteem pops up regularly in academic reports as an explaination for all sorts of violence,from hate crimes and street crimes to terrorism. but despite
...
the popularity of the explanation, not much evidence backs it up. in a recent issue of psychological review, three researchers examine this literature aat length and conclude that a much stronger link connects high self-esteem to violence. "it is difficult to maintain belief in the low self-esteem view after seeing that the more violent groups are generally the ones with higher self-esteem," write roy barmeister of case western reserve university and laura smart and joseph boden of the university of virginia.
the conversation view is that people without welf-esteem try to gain it by hurting others. the researchers find that violence is much more often the work of people with unrealistically high self-esteem attacking others who challenge their self-image. under this umbrella come bullies, rapists, racists, psychopaths and members of street gangs and organized crime.
the study concludes: "certain forms of high self-esteem seem to increase one's proneness to violence. an uncritical endorsement of the cultural value of self-esteem may therefore be couterproductive and even dangerous......the societal pursuit of high self-esteem for everyone may literally end up doing considerable harm."
as for prison programs intended to make violent convicts feel better about themselves,"perhaps it would be better to try instilling modesty and humility," the researchers write.
in an interview with the boston globe, baumeister said he believes the "self"-promoting establishment is starting to crumble. "what would work better for the country is to forget about self-esteem and concentrate on self-control," he said.
in the schools, this would mean turning away from psychic boosterism and emphasizing self-esteem as a by-product of real achievement, not as an end in itself. the self-esteem movement, still entrenched in schools of education, is deeply implicated in the dumbing down of our schools, and in the spurious equality behind the idea that it is a terrible psychic blow if one student does any better or any worse than another. let's hope it is indeed crumbling.
11. the researcher find that there are stronger connections between _____
a. low self-esteem and violence.
b. low self-control and violence.
c. high self-image and violence.
d. high self-control and violence.
正确答案是
12. the researchers would most probably agree with the following except _____
a. self-esteem should be promoted and encouraged.
b. schools should change their concept of self-esteem.
c. the traditional view is beginning to lose ground.
d. prisons should change their present practice.
正确答案是
text b
social change is more likely to occur in heterogeneous societies than in homogeneous, simply because there are more diverse points of view available in the former. there are more ideas, more conflicts of interest, and more groups and organizations of different persuasions. in addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and tolerance in heterogeneous societies. all these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision rather than subjecting them to authority. in a quite homogeneous society, there are fewer occaions for people to perceive the need or the opportunity for change, because everything seems to be the same and, if not satisfactory, at least customary and undisputed.
within a society, social change is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily (1) in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; (2) in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; (3) in the less basic, less emotional, or less sacred aspects of society than in their opposites, like religion or a system of prestige; (4) in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; (5) in form rather than in substance; and (6) in elements congenial to the culture rather than in strange elements.
furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. for example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp dichotomies. this is one reason why change has not come more quickly to black americans as compared to other american minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.
13. according to the passage, the main difference between a homogeneous society and a heterogeneous one lies in _____
a. the number of opportunities offered.
b. the nature of conflicts of interest.
c. the awareness of the need for change.
d. the role of social organizations.
正确答案是
14. the author would most probably agree that changes are more likely to be successful in _____
a. production methods.
b. ideological concepts.
c. religious
...
beliefs.
d. social behavior.
正确答案是
text c
one argument used to support the idea that employment will continue to be the dominant form of work, and that employment will eventually become available for all who want it, is that working time will continue to fall. people in jobs will work fewer hours in the day, fewer days in the week, fewer weeks in the year, and fewer years in a lifetime, than they do now. this will mean that more jobs will be available for more people. this, it is said, is the way we should set about restoring full employment.
there is no doubt that something of this kind will happen. the shorter working week, longer holidays, earlier retirement, job-sharing -- these and other ways of reducing the amount of time people spend on their jobs -- are certainly likely to spread. a mix of part-time paid work and part-time unpaid work is likely to become a much more common work pattern than today, and a flexi-life pattern of work -- involving paid employment at certain stages of life, but not at others -- will become widespread. but it is surely unrealistic to assume that this will make it possible to restore full employment as the dominant form of work.
in the first place, so long as employment remains the overwhelmingly important form of work and source of income for most people that it is today, it is very difficult to see how reductions in employees' working time can take place on a scale sufficiently been, for example in britain and germany, about the possibility of introducing a 35-hour working week, have highlighted some of the difficulties. but, secondly, if changes of this kind were to take place at a pace and on a scale sufficient to make it possible to share employment among all who wanted it, the resulting situation -- in which most people would not be working in their jobs for more than two or three short days a week -- could hardly continue to be one in which employment was still regarded as the only truly valid form of work. there would be so many people spending so much of their time on other activities, including other forms of useful work, that the primacy of employment would be bound to be called into question, at least to some extent.
15. the author uses the negotiations in britain and germany as an example to _____
a. support reductions in employees' working time.
b. indicate employees are unwilling to share jobs.
c. prove the possibility of sharing paid employment.
d. show that employment will lose its dominance.
正确答案是
16. at the end of the passage the author seems to imply that as a result of shorter working time _____
a. employment may not retain its usual importance.
b. employment may not be regarded as valid work.
c. people can be engaged in far less unpaid work.
d. people can be engaged in far more unpaid work.
正确答案是
17. the author's attitude towards future full employment is generally _____
a. supportive.
b. wavering.
c. sceptical.
d. unclear.
正确答案是
text d
during the early stages of the industrial revolution, advertising was a relatively straightforward means of announcement and communication and was used mainly to promote novelties and fringe products. but when factory production got into full swing and new products, e.g. processed foods, came onto the market, national advertisng campaigns and brand-naming of products became necessary. before large-scale factory production, the typical manufacturing unit had been undertaken by wholesalers. the small non-specialised factory which did not rely on massive investment in machinery had been flexible enough to adapt its production according to changes in public demands.
but the economic depression which lasted from 1873 to 1894 marked a turning point between the old method of industrial organisation and distribution and the new. from the beginning of the nineteenth century until the 1870s, production had steadily expanded and there had been a corresponding growth in retail outlets. but the depression brought on a crisis of over-production and under-consumption -- manufacture goods piled up unsold and prices and profits fell. towards the end of century many of the small industrial firms realised that they would be in a better position to weather economic depressions and slumps if they combined with other small businesses and widened the range of goods they produced so that all their eggs were not in one basket. they also realised that they would have to take steps to ensure that one their goods had been produced there was a market for them. this period ushered in the first phase of what econo
...
mists now call "monopoly capitalism", which, roughly speaking, refers to the control of the market by a small number of giant, conglomerate enterprises. whereas previously competitive trading had been conducted by small rival firms, after the depression the larger manufacturing units and combines relied more and more on mass advertising to promote their new range of products.
a good example of the changes that occurred in manufacture and distribution at the turn of the century can be found in the soap trade. from about the 1850s the market had been flooded with anonymous bars of soap, produced by hundreds of small manufacturers and distributed by wholesalers and door-to-door sellers. competition grew steadily throughout the latter half of the century and eventually the leading companies embarked on more aggressive selling methods in order to take customers away from their rivals. for instance, the future lord leverhulme decided to "brand" his soap by selling it in distinctive packages in order to facilitate recognition and encourage customer loyalty.
lord leverhulme was one of the first industrialists to realise that advertisements should contain "logical and considered" arguments as well as eye-catching and witty slogans. mary advertisers followed his lead and started to include "reason-why" copy in their ads. for example, one contemporary pears soap ad went into great detail about how the product could enhance marital bliss by cutting down the time the wife had to spend with her arms in a bowl of frothy suds. and an ad for cadbury's cocoa not only proclaimed its purity but also detailed other benefits: "for the infant it is a delight and a support; for the young girl, a source of healthy vigour; for the young turner rightly points out, the advertising of this period had reached the "stage of persuasion as distinct from proclamation or iteration". indeed advertise or burst seemed to be the rule of the day as bigger and more expensive campaigns were mounted and smaller firms who did not, or could not, advertise, were squeezed or bought out by the largest companies.
18. an example of a product which might well have been advertised during the early stages of the industrial revolution is _____
a. a cooking utensil.
b. a new child's toy.
c. tinned fruit.
d. household soap.
正确答案是
19. one of the more aggressive selling methods in the soap trade by the leading companies was to _____
a. buy out small firms.
b. take over distribution.
c. resort to product designing.
d. keep contact with their customers.
正确答案是
20. in addition to distinctive package, contemporary products should also _____
a. draw customers' attention to their benefits.
b. make customers aware of their attractiveness.
c. display details of the main ingredients.
d. focus on proclamation and iteration.
正确答案是
text e
pardon me: how are your manners?
the decline of civility and good manners may be worrying people more than crime, according to gentility recalled, edited by dighy anderson, which laments the breakdown of traditional codes that one regulated social conduct. it criticised the fact that "manners" are scorned as repressive and outdated.
the result, according to mr anderson -- director of the social affairs unit, an independent think-tank -- is a society characterized by rudeness: loutish behavior on the streets, jostling in crowds, impolite shop assistants and bad-tempered drivers.
mr andeson says the cumulative effect of these__apparently trivial, but often offensive -- is to make everyday life uneasy, unpredictable and unpleasant. as they are encountered far more often than crime, they can cause more anxiety than crime.
when people lament the disintegration of law and order, he argues, what they generally mean is order, as manifested by courteous forms of social contact. meanwhile, attempts to re-establish restraint and self-control through "politically correct" rules are artificial.
the book has contributions from 12 academics in disciplines ranging from medicine to sociology and charts what it calls the "coarsening" of britain. old-fashioned terms such as "gentleman" and "lady" have lost all meaningful resonance and need to be re-evaluated, it says. rachel trickett, honorary fellow and former principal of st. hugh's college, oxford, says that the notion of a "lady" protects women rather than demeaning them.
feminism and demands for equality have blurred the distinctions between the sexes, creating situations where men are able to dominate women because of their more aggressive and forceful natures, she says.
...
; "women, without some code of deference or respect, become increasingly victims."
caroline moore, the first woman fellow of peterhouse, cambridge, points out that "gentleman" is now used only with irony or derision.
"the popular view of a gentleman is poised somewhere between the imbecile parasite and the villainous one: between woosteresque chinless wonders, and those heartless capitalist toffs who are...the stock-in-trade of television."
she argues that the concept is neither class-bound nor rigid; conventions of gentlemanly behaviour enable a man to act naturally as and individual within shared assumptions while taking his place in society.
"politeness is no constraint, precisely because the manners... are no 'code' but a language, rich, flexible, restrained and infinitely subtle."
for anthony o'hear, professor of philosophy at the university of bradford, manners are closely associated with the different forms of behaviour appropriate to age and status. they curb both the impetuosity of youth and the bitterness of old age.
egalitarianism, he says, has led to people failing to act their age. "we have vice-chancellors with earrings, aristocrats as hippies... the trendy vicar on his motorbike."
dr athen leoussi, sociology lecturer at reading university, bemoans the deliberate neglect by people of their sartorial appearance.
dress, she says, is the outward expression of attitudes and aspirations. the ubiquitousness of jeans "displays a utilitarian attitude" that has "led to the cultural impoverishment of everyday life".
dr leoussi says that while clothes used to be seen as a means of concealing taboo forces of sexuality and vilence, certain fashions -- such as leather jackets -- have the opposite effect.
dr bruc charlton, a lecturer in public health medicine in newcastle upon tyne, takes issue with the excessive informality of relations between professionals such as doctors and bank managers, and their clients. he says this has eroded the distance and respect necessary in such relationships. for tristam engelhardt, professor of medicine houston, texas, says manners are bound to morals.
"manners express a particular set of values," he says. "good manners intepret and transform social reality. they provide social orientation."
21. according to the passage, the decline of good manners is more worrying because _____
a. it leads to more crime in society.
b. people view manners as old-fashioned.
c. rudeness on the street cannot be stemmed out.
d. it can seriously affect our daily life.
正确答案是
22. rachel trickett seems to indicate the term "lady" _____
a. has acquired a different meaning.
b. is too old-fashioned to use.
c. is preferred by feminists.
d. victimizes women in society.
正确答案是
23. according to caroline moore, the media has projected a _____ image of the gentleman.
a. humorous
b. favourable
c. negative
d. traditional
正确答案是
24. in anthony o'hear's view, a well mannered person _____
a. acts rashly when he is young.
b. tends to be bad-tempered in old age.
c. behaves with a sense of appropriacy.
d. attaches importance to his status.
正确答案是
25. dr. bruce charlton would probably prefer to see a more formal relationship _____
a. among doctors.
b. among managers.
c. between doctors and managers.
d. between doctors and patients.
正确答案是
section b skimming and scanning [10 min]
in this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on the answer sheet.
text f
first read the question.
31. the president of association of american railroads wrote the letter to _____
a. complain about public ignorance of its effects to improve the service.
b. criticize u.s. news for not reporting its effects to improve the safety record.
c. inform the public of what it has achieved over the past decade.
d. thank u.s. news for informing the public of its effects to reduce accident rate.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.
december 20th 199_
dear editor,
the american railroad industry's commitment to safety is demonstrated by a steadily declining accident rate over the past decade. the accident rate per million train miles has been reduces by 55 percent since 1981 and 21 percent since 1990. in 11 of the past 16 years, the rail passenger fatality rate was lower than or the same as the airline rate. in addition, rail employees had half the number of lost workday injuries per 100
...
full-time employees as did airline workers.
nowhere does u.s. news mention that america's railroads have spent more than us' 90 billion just since 1990 to maintain and improve tracks and equipment. nowhere do you mention that railroads -- on their own initiative and at their own expense -- developed and installed a new type of wheel that is much less likely to fracture and cause accidents. nowhere do you mention how railroads are now testing a new type of electronically assisted brake that can reduce stopping distance by 40 percent. nowhere do you explain that more than 90 percent of rail-related fatalities involve highway-rail grade crossing accidents or trespassers -- accidents over which railroads have almost no control. "facts are stubborn thing," wrote john adams more than 200 years ago. stubborn, that is, unless you choose to ignore them. that is what u. s. news has chosen to do.
edwin l.harper
president and chief executive officer
association of american railroads
text g
first read the question.
26. the author of the passage is ____ johannesburg.
a. concerned about
b. critical of
c. nostalgic about
d. hopeful about
正确答案是
now go through the text quickly and answer the question.
for a city purposed to be dying, johannerburg looks pretty lively on a saturday moring. fleets of mini vans deliver black shoppers from sweto to the teeming sidewalks downtown, where zairian hawkers peddle everything from kiwis to toasterovens. mozambican barbers shear locks under coloured plastic tents. the carlton centre mall buzzers with chatter in english, french, zulu and tswana. at the fastfood africa hut, weary shoppers fortify themselves with oxtail stew and pap, a maize-based starch. there are few white flight. "i'm targeting african customers more than whites," says jabi, who recently opened a jeweller's. "look around, they're everywhere."
white south africans used to boast that johannesburg was continental in flavor. it still is, only now the continent is africa. with apartheid ended and laws forbidding black africans to live in town repealed, "joburg" has become blacker, poorer and more dangerous. it is also more vibrant than ever. "the city is not declining, it's changing," says lindsay brmner, a white member of the greater johannesburg metroplitan council. "there are real problems, but perception is our biggest."
plenty of africans -- white and black -- are willing to invest in the new johannesburg. large retailers like woolworth's are pumping millions of brands into new, flagship stores. black and asian shopkeepers, doctors and lawyers have moved in to replace the whites who have left. city planners hope this blend of wealth and africanization will make johannesburg the continent's economic and cultural capital.
text h
first read the question.
27. the primary purpose of the article is to
a. introduce domingo to opera people.
b. show domingo's concern for opera goers.
c. comment on doming's versatility.
d. advertise a new model of rolex watch.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.
every half century or so , a leader emerges in his field of such substance and force that he stands out head and shoulder above the rest and the best.
even to people who have never graced the great opera houses of the world, the name and the voice of placide domingo are justifiably hailed. but for those who will queue all night to share the sheer color of this man's singing, he is a legend.
a legend which can be heard from hamburg to paris, from milan to new york.
but placido is not simply the world's greatest tenor; rather a complete musician who are possesses a marvellous voice.
at rehearsals, his mastery of the piano enables him to sit and play through the score; thinking of the emotions that words and music are attempting to communicate.
his experience as a conductor gives him objectivity, not only about his own interpretation of the part, but also on the total performance.
"to understand the part," he says, "one must first musically and dramatically understand the whole. i was lucky to have been given the talents to do this."
placido domingo also has an extremely good understanding of the watch he choose to wear.
a rolex oyster gmt-master in 18ct. gold.
"thi
...
s watch is perfect for me," he says, "because it simultaneously tells me the time in two different countries which is extremely useful considering the amount of travelling i have to do. and opera people all over the world are pleased too, because now i don't get them out of bed when i ring them. and, unlike me, this watch never needs a rest. you could say it's my favourite instrument."
for the complete musician. the complete watch. by rolex of geneva.
text i
first read the question.
28. the theme of the book by maric winn is presumably
a. child abuse.
b. family relationship.
c. loss of childhood innocence.
d. teen-age rebellion.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the question.
each new crop of adolescents always seems unfathomable to its predecessors. but when journalist marie winn began to study today's youngsters, she discovered something far more fundamental and disturbing than just another teen-age rebellion. in the short space of the past decade, she comments in her recent book children without childhood, that many middle-class american childrenn -- not high-schoolers, but kids between the ages of about 6 and 12 -- have been robbed of their most precious birthright -- childhood itself. willy-nilly, the typical fifth grader, one blissfully ignorant of adult matters, is now aware not just of sex and violence, but also of injustice, fear of death, adult frailty and cruelty, political corruption and economic instability.
what explains this sudden loss of innocence? one potent influence was the sexual revolution of the '60s. the new sexual awareness of that decade exposed adults and children alike to an endless parade of erotic possibilities. another factor is the children into intimate contact with their parents' self-absorption, vulnerability and quite often, new sexual liaisions.
perhaps the most interesting explanation here for the altered nature of childhood is the sweeping change that occurred during the 1970s in the economic and social status of women. as hordes of them left home for the workplace and shed their own protected position as child-wives, according to winn, the effect of child rearing was cataclysmic. in practical terms, kids were left with far less supervision. but something much more basic happened as well. newly emancipated women began to feel that it was no longer fair to demand submission and deference from their offspring -- or to deny them full access to information about life's confusing realities.
such treatment was well intentioned. but, as winn documents, "new-era child rearing" -- in which the child is enlisted as an equal partner in his own upbringing -- has turned out to be a disaster. children do not prosper when treated as adults. instead, what they require to accomplish their important tasks of learning and exploration and play is the security of dependency, of their inherent inequality.
while the social forces that have transformed family life are probably irreversible, some measures, winn suggests, can be taken to keep children from learning too much too soon. couples who are bent primarily on self-fulfilment or high-powered careers would do well to think twice about producing offspring at all. those who do become parents should be willing to take an authoritative position in the family and to sacrifice their own time for supervision of the kids.
youngsters between the ages of 6 to 12, winn emphasizes, require just as much time and attention as toddlers. she also urges parents to repress, gently, their children's sexuality by withholding information and maintaining discipline -- not out of prudery, but becarse young people whose innocence is prolonged will devote most energy to learning and play, skills that ultimately lead to creativity and achievement. and in the meantime, they can enjoy the blessing of a real childhood.
text j
first read the questions.
agriculture
29. the uncultivated part of the arable land in saudi arabia is _____
a. 9,000 sq.km.
b. 15,000 sq.km.
c. 6,000 sq. km.
d. 242,000 sq.km.
正确答案是
30. saudi farmers' success in agriculture can be attributed to all the following factors except _____
a. abundant ground-water reserves.
b. government's heavy subsidization.
c. interest-free loans from the bank.
d. government's investment in
[7] ...
agriculture.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.
few people think of saudi arabia as a farm country, but agricultural production reached 1.5 billion last year and is on the rise. tomatoes, squash, potatoes and lettuce are grown in the desert, and there are large fields of wheat. in many cases the fields are watered by long irrigation arms that revolve on huge electrically-driven wheels.
water comes from rainfall, ground-water or wells. there are 15,000 sq.km. of arable land in the kingdom, only 6000 sq.km. of which are under cultivation.
recent investigations have confirmed sufficient underground water reserves to support a century of sustained withdrawal, irrigating an additional 600,000 acres (242,000 hectares).
between 1975 and 1980, 12 commercial dairy farms were established, making fresh milk available in commercial quantities for the first time. an additional 16 dairy farms will be in operation by 1985, producing 500,000 tons of milk a year, and making the kingdom almost self-sufficient in this important commodity.
due to heavy subsidization, saudi arabia may also achieve self-sufficiency in wheat production by the end of this year. domestic yield reached 400,000 tons in 1982 with 600,000 tons expected this year. by 1985, and additional 144,000 acres will be placed in cereal production.
the 1982 harvest yielded 10,000 tons of potatoes and 77,000 tons of dates, of which 500 tons were exported.
saudi farmers are having considerable success raising cucumbers and tomatoes in enclosed humidity-controlled conditions. using these hydroponic techniques, they are able to harvest such produce in five to eight weeks after transplanting.
experiments are also provided the domestic market with 80 million chickens last year, 29% of national consumption, and 1.1 billion eggs, 90% of local requirements.
the saudi government's incentives to invest in the agricultural sector are unusually attractive: the saudi arabian agricultural bank offers interest-free loans on 80% of the cost of a project up to 15 million. fertilizers and animal feed are eligible for 50% of cost subsidies, and selected farm equipment, subsidies of 30 to 50% of the cost.
the airfreight for flying cattle into the country is paid for by the government, as is water for irrigation.
as of october 1982 the agricultural bank had made loans amounting to us '1.75 billion.
during the current five-year plan the government is investing us '2.4 billion in the agricultural sector.
text k
first read the questions.
drought
31. when can the drought be expected to end?
a. in no time.
b. in the summer.
c. in the fall.
d. beyond prediction.
正确答案是
32. the drought is predicted to cause to texas agribusiness.
a. a us '2.4 billion loss.
b. a us '5 billion loss.
c. a us '6.5 billion loss.
d. an inestimable loss.
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.
from its headwaters at san ygnacio, texas, to its giant hydroelectric dam 50 miles downstream, falcon lake covers some 87,000 acres the rio grande and the u.s.-mexican border. created in the 1950's to improve flood control and irrigation, the lake is a water monument to the era of gigantic public works. but the worst drought since the eisenhower years has lowered the water level by nearly 50 feet__and bit by bit, falcon lake is revealing the secrets of its long-submerged past. on the texas side of the lake, drowned border towns like zapata and lopeno, relocated when the dam was built, are reemerging from the flood. on the mexican side, near the town of benevides, stone crosses in a once submerged old cemetery rise like eerie sentinels to the drought. the last time anybody saw these graves, segregation was the law of the land, the dodgers were still in brooklyn and bill clinton was in second grade.
the two-year drawdown of falcon lake is only one symptom of the drought of '96 -- a slowly gathering crisis that is putting a huge strain on the water supplies of the fast-growing cities of the southwest and on the farm-and-cattle regions of the southern plains as well. from los angeles to corpus christi, from brownsville to nebraska, the drought pits state against state, city dwellers against farmers and farmers against a global weather system that has turned suddenly hostile toward man. severe to extreme drought conditions now prevail across the whole southwester
[8] ...
n part of the united states, a region that includes southern california, southern nevada, all of arizona, new mexico and texas and most of utah, colorado and oklahoma. the drought has afflicted some parts of the region for up to five years and other areas for as little as 10 months. but whatever its duration, climatologists agree there is no end in sight. "the expectation is that this thing is going to continue through the summer and into the fall," says dr. don wilhite of the national drought mitigation center in lincoln, neb. "beyond that, it's anybody's guess."
what's going on here experts like whilhite say, is a reverse e1 nino effect. e1 nino ("the christ child") is a huge weather system in the western pacific that, in a good year spawns welcome winter rains in the southwestern states and the plains. when e1 nino does not appear -- and last year he didn't -- the result is even less rainfall in a region that is naturally among the fries in the world. from august 1995 to may of this year, much of the southwest and the southern plains region recorded virtually no rainfall or show. that dried out the soil and set the stage for a deepening drought.
in texas, oklahoma, eastern colorado and western kansas, the lack of rainfall fairly crushed the 1996 winter-wheat crop. it also led to a significant shortfall in the supply of cattle feed, which forced many ranchers to cut back their herds. "cattle is a us '5 billion-a-year industry in texas," says texas agriculture commissioner historic proportions," perry says the damage to texas agribusiness has already reached us '2.4 billion and could rise to us '6.5 billion -- which would make the '96 drought the most costly natural disaster in the state's history.
text l
first read the questions.
33. the city that doesn't have a lord mayor is _____.
a. melbourne
b. brisbane
c. adelaide
d. devonport
正确答案是
34. in ____ council members are elected to serve a two year term.
a. south australia
b. tasmania
c. new south wales
d. victoria
正确答案是
now, go through the text quickly and answer the questions.
state details in australia
new south wales (nsw)
nsw local government is divided into city, municipal and shire councils. the three largest cities: sydney, parramatta, newcastle and wollongong are run by lora mayors; cities and municipalities are run by mayors; and shires by shire presidents. the members of the city and municipal councils are known as aldermen. members of shire councils are known as councillors.
council members are elected for a term of four years and voting in council elections is compulsory. the voting system used is proportional representation in wards with three of more seats and preference in the others.
victoria (vic)
vic has the highest number of councils of any state and in some areas councils are being encouraged to amalgamate although there is often resistance to this.
the local government divisions in vic are cities, towns, boroughs and shires.
melbourne has a lord mayor while the other cities, towns and boroughs are run by mayors. shires are run by shire presidents.
member of all councils are known as councilors.
council members are elected for a three year term and voting in council elections is compulsory. the voting system used is preferential.
queensland (qld)
brisbane is the only capital city that is run by a single council. this council controls the entire metropolitan area, known as greater brisbane which covers an area of 1,000 km. (this compares with sydney and melbourne which have about 50 councils each).
the local government divisions in qld are known as cities, towns and shires. brisbane the preferential system is used while everywhere else, electors have as many votes as there are positions.
south australia (sa)
in sa the divisions are cities, corporate towns and district council areas. adelaide has a lord mayor and the cities and town are run by mayors. council district areas are run by shire presidents.
in sa council members are known as councilors but the positions of aldermen are held by councilors with experiences elected for a whole area rather than within a ward.
council members are elected for two year terms; half of the members retiring each year at an annual election. &nbs
[9] ...
p; voting in council elections is voluntary and everyone, including those who are not australians, is eligible to vote.
tasmania (tas)
tas has four city councils: hobart, launceston, glenorchy and devonport. hobart has a lord mayor and the other three cities mayors. the rest of the state is divided into districts known as municipalities and run by wardens.
council members serve a three year term with a third of the members going to election each year.
voting is voluntary and while it is restricted to australian citizens and british subjects who own or occupy property, alien owners are allowed to get a qualified elector to vote on their behalf.
northern territory (nt)
darwin has the only city council in nt. it is run by a lord mayor. there are at present five town councils, one shire and one corporation. as well as this there are 48 community governments. council elections are held each four years on the last saturday in may.
community governments differ from traditional councils in a number of ways. to adopt community government a petition with at least 10 signatures must be sent to the northern territory minister for local government requesting that they consider the proposal. the minister and his department then help the community devise a tailored system of government within the outlines of the scheme.
in this way no two community government will be exactly the same. there are five common policies behind the nt system of local government: community choice; community accountability; community management; community development; and self sufficiency.
council members are elected by secret ballot in a first-past-the-post system. terms run for one year and there must be eight weeks notice given for elections. the government is run by a president who is elected by the council members.
community governments in general serve more functions than a traditional council, becoming more involved with local industry and management.
paper 2 time limit: 120 min
part 4 traslation [60 min]
section a chinese to english
translate the following underlined part of the text into english. write your translation on anser sheet three.
1997年2月24日我们代表团下榻日月潭中信大饭店，送走了最后一批客人，已是次日凌晨3点了。我躺在床上久久不能入睡，披衣走到窗前，往外看去，只见四周峰峦叠翠，湖面波光粼粼。 望着台湾这仅有的景色如画的天然湖泊，我想了许多，许多......
这次到台湾访问交流，虽然行程匆匆，但是，看了不少地方，访了旧友，交了新知，大家走到一起，谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛。虽然祖国大陆、台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中，有着各自不同的生活经历，但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记，都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想。在世纪之交的伟大时代，我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强，海峡两岸人民也将加强交流，共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成。世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推到了前台。跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪，这是我们必须回答的问题。
日月潭水波不兴，仿佛与我们一同在思索......
section b english to chinese
translate the following underlined part of the text into chinese. write your translation on answer sheet two.
i agree to some extent with my imaginary english reader. american literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. they do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. and americans do swing from aggressive overphrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. but then, in fields where they are not pre-eminent__e.g. in painting and music__ they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the continent. how many english paintings try to look as though they were done in paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an "english tradition" after all.
to speak of american literature, then, is not to assert that it is completely unlike that of europe. broadly speaking, america and europe have kept step. at any given moment the traveller could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. ideas have crossed the atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. when i refer to american habit, thoughts, etc., i intend some sort of qualification to precede the word, for frequently the difference between america and europe (especially england) will be one of degree, sometimes only of a small degree. the amount of divergence is a subtle affair, liable to perplex the englishman when he looks at america.
[10] ...