托福考试全真例题分析--平行结构_托福指导
1.含并列连词and but or的平行结构
解题要点当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
全真例题分析
(1) quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
[答案> a并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故(a)应用形容词transparent与之并列。
(2) at the age of 94. composer, conductor. arranger. and acting eva jessye led her choralsgroupsin the first production of the opera porgy and bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
[答案> a并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故(a)动名词应改为actress。
(3) atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
[答案> c并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell和organ皆为单数形式，故(c)亦应改为单数tissue。
(4) direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
[答案> c并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故(c)动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
(5) a majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy loch ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
[答案> d并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故(d)不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
(6) the tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
[答案> d并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故(d)亦应改为动名词swallowing。
2.比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。
全真列题分析
(1) probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the united states ------- henry ford. a pioneer in automobile production.
(a) as was
(b) than was
(c) than did
(d) as did (92.8)
[答案> c比较句型more…than要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(c)than did与之平行。
(2) the state of maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
(a) there are most other states
(b) most other states which have
(c) most other states have
(d)shavingsmost other states (93.10)
[答案> c这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有(c)的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
(3) the annual worth of utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
(a) that of its mining and farming combined
(b) mining and farming combination
(c) that mining and farming combined
(d) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
[答案> a此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (a)中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
(4) the activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
(a) the domestic marketer has
(b) the domestic marketer does
(c) those of the domestic marketer
(d) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
[答案> c此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动(the activities)为避免同词重复，用(c)those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
(5) fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
(a) than cane sugar does
(b) does cane sugar
(c) cane sugar
(d) than cane sugar (90.5)
[答案> d此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does(答案a及b)，但可省略系词，如(d)。
3.比较句型the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
全真例题分析
(1) the flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
(a) although
(b) which
(c) and
(d) the (92.1)
[答案> d the flatter a hair appears与(d)the wavier it is是完全对等的结构。
比较级主语谓语动词比较级主语系动词
(2) the less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
(a) the stress it is greater
(b) greater is the stress
(c) greater stress is
(d) the greater the stress (90.1)
[答案> d the less the surface与答案(d) the greater the stress是完全对等的结构。
4.语意上的平行结构
解题要点有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
全真例题分析
(1) alexander graham bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
(a) than inventing
(b) than as the inventor
(c) the invention
(d) as the inventor (90.8)
[答案> b表示比较概念的短语would rather…than应使用平行结构。
(2) thomas jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
(a) such
(b) more
(c) as
(d) than (90.1)
[答案> c动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。
(3) california*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. when its farm output first ------- any other state.
(a) that exceeded
(b) exceeded that
(c) exceeded that of
(d) that exceeded of (92.10)
[答案> c动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。(c)代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
(4) it is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
[答案> d连词be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。(d)改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen相平衡。
解题要点当上述并列连词连接两项或多项对等成分时，这些成分必须同词性、同形式。特别注意出现三项以上(含三项)的并列成分，多是考试焦点。
全真例题分析
(1) quartz may be transparency, translucent, or opaque, and it may be colorless or colored (91.5)
[答案> a并列连词or连接三项，其中两项为形容词translucent与opaque，故(a)应用形容词transparent与之并列。
(2) at the age of 94. composer, conductor. arranger. and acting eva jessye led her choralsgroupsin the first production of the opera porgy and bess, written in 1935. (92.1)
[答案> a并列连词and连接四项表示身份职业的名词，故(a)动名词应改为actress。
(3) atrophy is a decrease in size of a cell, organ, tissues, or other part of the body such as (91.10)
[答案> c并列连词or连接四项名词结构，其中cell和organ皆为单数形式，故(c)亦应改为单数tissue。
(4) direct mail advertising serves to acquaint customers with products, alert them to new opportunities, and paving the way for other sales activities (93.1)
[答案> c并列连词and连接三项动宾结构，前两项均为动词原形，故(c)动名词亦应改为原形动词pave.
(5) a majority of the reports received from people claiming to have seen the lengendaiy loch ness monster have proven to be mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked. (93.10)
[答案> d并列连词or连接三项成分。前两项均为名词，故(d)不应出现句子结构，而应改为名词tricks与前面的mistakes和misconceptions平行。
(6) the tongue is capable of many motions and configurations and plays vital rode in chewing, swallowed and speaking.
[答案> d并列连词and连接三个单词。其中两项均为动名词，故(d)亦应改为动名词swallowing。
2.比较级句型要求对比双方结构对等，比较范围相当。
全真列题分析
(1) probably no man had more effcet on the daily lives of most people in the united states ------- henry ford. a pioneer in automobile production.
(a) as was
(b) than was
(c) than did
(d) as did (92.8)
[答案> c比较句型more…than要求比较的双方结构相等。前项是实义动词的过去时形式had，故选(c)than did与之平行。
(2) the state of maine generally has cooler temperatures than -------
(a) there are most other states
(b) most other states which have
(c) most other states have
(d)shavingsmost other states (93.10)
[答案> c这是标准的more…than比较句型。只有(c)的句子结构与相对比的前一项完全一致。
(3) the annual worth of utah*s manufacturing is greater than-------
(a) that of its mining and farming combined
(b) mining and farming combination
(c) that mining and farming combined
(d) of its combination mining and farming (91.8)
[答案> a此句比较的是utah的年产值(the annual worth) (a)中that即代替了the annual worth，故前后比较的范围，内容一致。
(4) the activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than-------
(a) the domestic marketer has
(b) the domestic marketer does
(c) those of the domestic marketer
(d) that which has the domestic marketer (91.5)
[答案> c此句比较的是国际市场研究者与国内市场研究者的活动(the activities)为避免同词重复，用(c)those来代替前面的名词the activities ,因而对比双方比较的范围是平行相等的。
(5) fructose is a monosaccharide sugar that is much sweeter -------
(a) than cane sugar does
(b) does cane sugar
(c) cane sugar
(d) than cane sugar (90.5)
[答案> d此比较句型前半部分主系表结构，后半部不可出现助动词does(答案a及b)，但可省略系词，如(d)。
3.比较句型the +比较级…the＋比较级要求前后结构相等。
全真例题分析
(1) the flatter a hair appears under a microscope ------- wavier it is.
(a) although
(b) which
(c) and
(d) the (92.1)
[答案> d the flatter a hair appears与(d)the wavier it is是完全对等的结构。
比较级主语谓语动词比较级主语系动词
(2) the less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body of a runner, ------- to the body.
(a) the stress it is greater
(b) greater is the stress
(c) greater stress is
(d) the greater the stress (90.1)
[答案> d the less the surface与答案(d) the greater the stress是完全对等的结构。
4.语意上的平行结构
解题要点有一些词和短语表达比较的概念，尽管不是比较级句型，但同样要求前后对比双方同形式，同性质。
全真例题分析
(1) alexander graham bell once told his family that he would rather of the deaf ------- of the telephone.
(a) than inventing
(b) than as the inventor
(c) the invention
(d) as the inventor (90.8)
[答案> b表示比较概念的短语would rather…than应使用平行结构。
(2) thomas jefferson*s achievements as an architect rival his contributions ------- a politician.
(a) such
(b) more
(c) as
(d) than (90.1)
[答案> c动词rival (比得上)要求比较二项结构相等。
(3) california*s agricultural supremacy dates from 1947. when its farm output first ------- any other state.
(a) that exceeded
(b) exceeded that
(c) exceeded that of
(d) that exceeded of (92.10)
[答案> c动词exceeded (超过)要求比较的内容相当。(c)代词that用以指代比较的内容“farm output”
(4) it is common lcnowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder heard . (93.5)
[答案> d连词be fore用以引出先后发生的两个动作。从句意上看。这两个动作是对比关系，故应用平行结构。(d)改为a clap of thunder is heard ,与a flash of lightning is seen相平衡。