托福考试全真试题测试_托福真题
reading燙omprehension
questions 1-9
牐牐燭he ocean bottom ------a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the
earth ---- is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. until
about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath
waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep. totally without light and subjected to intense
pressures hundreds of times greater than at the earth s surface, the deep-ocean bottom
is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void
of outer space.
牐牐燗lthough researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for
over a century, the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not
actually start until 1968, with the beginning of the national science foundation s deep
sea drilling project (dsdp).using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and
gas industry, the dsdp s drill ship, theglomar challenger, was able to maintain a
steady position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples
of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
牐牐燭he glomar challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that
ended in november 1983. during this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and
took almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites
around the world. the glomar challenger s core samples have allowed geologists
to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundred of millions of years ago and to
calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. today, largely
on the strength of evidence gathered during the glomar challenger s voyages, nearly
all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that
explain many of the geological processes that shape the earth.
牐牐燭he cores of sediment drilled by the glomar challenger have also yielded
information critical to understanding the world s past climates. deep-ocean sediments
provide a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years, because they
are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and biological
activity that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past climates. this record has
already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change ---
information that may be used to predict future climates.
1.the author refers to the ocean bottom as a "frontier" in line 2 because it
(a)is not a popular area for scientific research
(b)contains&n
bsp;a wide variety of life forms
(c)attracts courageous explorers
(d)is an unknown territory
2.the word "inaccessible" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(a)unrecognizable
(b)unreachable
(c)unusable
(d)unsafe
3.the author mentions outer space in line 7 because
(a)the earth s climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space.
(b)it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment
(c)rock formations in outer space are similar to those found on the ocean floor
(d)techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in ocean
exploration
4. which of the following is true of the glomar challenger?
(a) it is a type of submarine.
(b) it is an ongoing project.
(c) it has gone on over 100 voyages
(d) it made its first dsdp voyage in 1968
5. the word " extracting " in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(a) breaking
(b) locating
(c) removing
(d) analyzing
6. the deep sea drilling project was significant because it was
(a) an attempt to find new sources of oil and gas
(b) the first extensive exploration of the ocean bottom
(c) composed of geologists form all over the world
(d) funded entirely by the gas and oil industry
7. the word " strength " in line21 is closest in meaning to
(a)basis
(b)purpose
(c)discovery
(d)endurance
8.the word " they " in line26 refers to
(a)years
(b)climates
(c)sediments
(d)cores
9.which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as being a result of the deep sea
drilling project?
(a) geologists were able to determine the earth s appearance hundreds of millions of years ago.
(b) two geological theories became more widely accepted
(c) information was revealed about the earth s past climatic changes.
(d) geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen.
vocabulary and reading comprehension
questions 1-13
牐牐牐燗tmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. but
plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,
more than 100 meters above the ground. until the end of the nineteenth century , the
movement of water s in trees and other talls plants was a mystery. some botanists
hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, but many experiments
demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move
water to appreciable heights. other explanations for&nb
sp;the movement of water in plants
have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of
the plant. but root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall
trees, furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees have unusually low
root pressures.
牐牐營f water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, .and if it is not pushed, to the top of a
tall tree, then we may ask. how does it get there? according to the currently accepted
cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. the pull on a rising column of water in a
plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. as water is lost from
the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure or tension is created. the evaporated
water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that
extend from the top of a plant to its roots. the same forces that create surface tension
in any sample of water .are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns
of water. when water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohestion
(the attraction between water molecules) arc so great that the strength of a column of
water compares with the strength of a. steel wire of the same diameter. this cohesive
strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
1. how many theories does the author mention?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
2. the passage answers which of the following questions ?
(a) what is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?
(b) when do dead cells harm plant growth?
(c) how does water get to the tops of trees?
(d) why is root pressure weak?
3. the word "demonstrated" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(a)ignored
(b) showed
(c) disguised
(d) distinguished
4. what do the experiments mentioned in lines 6-8 prove?
(a) plant stems die when deprived of water.
(b) cells in plant sterns do not pump water.
(c) plants cannot move water to high altitudes.
(d) plant cells regulate pressure within stems.
5. how do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?
(a) some very tall trees have weak root pressure.
(b) root pressures decrease in winter.
(c) plants can live after their roots die.
(d) water in a plant s roots is not connected to water in its stem.
6. which of the following statements
does the passage support?
(a) water is pushed to the tops of trees.
(b) botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.
(c) atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.
(d) botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.
7. the word "it" in line 13 refers to
(a) top
(b) tree
(c) water
(d) cohesion-tension theory
8. the word "there" in line 15 refers to
(a)treetops
(b) roots
(c) water columns
(d) tubes
9. what causes the tension that draws water up a plant?
(a) humidity
(b) plant growth
(c) root pressure
(d) evaporation
10. the word "extend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(a) stretch
(b) branch
(c) increase
(d) rotate
11.according to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?
(a) root pressure moves the water very rapidly.
(b) the attraction between water molecules is strong.
(c) the living cell of plants push the water molecules together.
(d) atmospheric pressure supports the columns.
12. why does the author mention steel wire in line 24?
(a) to illustrate another means of pulling water
(b) to demonstrate why wood is a good building material
(c) to indicate the size of a column of winter
(d) to emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water
13. where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?
(a.) lines 3-5
(b) lines 6-8
(c) lines 11-12
(d) lines 13-14
structure and written expression
time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) now set your clock for 25 minutes.
structure
1 amber comes____from the resins of pine trees that grew in northern europe millions of years ago. (a) chiefly (b) and chiefly (c) it is chiefly (d) since it is chiefly
2 an adult human must take eight steps to go ____as a giraffe does in one stride.
(a) as far (b) the farther (c) how far (d) farther
3 when the focus of a pair of binoculars is adjusted, ____into view.
(a) bringing distant objects (b) distant objects can be brought (c) and bring distant objects
(d) to bring distant objects
4 from the iroquois tradition of behind-the-scenes political participation by women, alice jemison acquired a self-confidence that ____in her later crusades.
(a) her served well (b) served well her (c) served her well (d) her well served
5 because of its importance in modern living, ____in all parts of the world.
(a) algebra is&
nbsp;studied in schools and colleges (b) studying algebra in schools and colleges
(c) and the study of algebra in school and colleges (d) in schools and colleges are algebra studies
6 ____in the diet is especially important for vegetarians.
(a) enough protein is obtained (b) obtaining enough protein (c) they obtain enough protein
(d) by obtaining enough protein
7 the early work of edith wharton ____the relationship between the individual and the community.
(a) focuses attention on (b) focusing the attention on (c) the attention focused on
(d) is the attention and locus
8 archaeologists know ____35,000 years ago, but it is still unclear for precisely what purpose.
(a) drawing being practiced (b) when the practice of drawing (c) that drawing was practiced
(d) practicing of drawing
9 coral reefs owe their brilliant colors to algae ____in symbiosis with coral polyps.
(a) that live (b) do they live (c) why they live (d) live
10 the specialized nature of anthropological research makes ____that various to determine their
similarities and differences.
(a) imperative is (b) it imperative (c) it is imperative (d) it is an imperative
11 watercolor provides a brilliant transparency and freshness, ____it allows extraordinarily free
brushwork.
(a) that (b) during (c) which (d) and
12 the common cold, normally ____illness, can seriously threaten the health of postoperative
patients.
(a) can be minor (b) as minor (c) minor an (d) a minor
13 commercial expansion from city to suburb has affected the way people in the united states___.
(a) living and working (b) they live and work (c) live and work (d) to live and to work
14 only recently ___possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determine
their chemical composition.
(a) it becomes (b) having become (c) has it become (d) which becomes
15 charles lindbergh told reporters ___never been deterred from attempting to cross the atlantic
alone even though others had failed.
(a) that he had (b) that he had it (c) had it (d) his having
reading燙omprehension
time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). now set your clock for 55 minutes.
question 1-12
牐牐 orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. the column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some
cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. surrounding th
e column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. the most noticeable of the
petals is called the labellum, or lip. it is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing
strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.
牐牐燭o lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. at least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.
牐牐燨nce the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle
courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. by such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant
crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. at the same time
they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.
1. what does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) birds
(b) insects
(c) flowers
(d) perfume
2 the orchid is unique because of
(a) the habitat in which it lives
(b) the structure of its blossom
(c) the variety of products that can bemade from it
(d) the length of its life
3 the word "fused" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(a) combined
(b) hidden
(c) fertilized
(d) produced
4 how many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?
(a) 200
(b) 2,000
(c) 20,000
(d) 200,000
5 which of the following is a kind of petal?
(a) the column
(b) the sepal
(c) the stem
(d) the labellum
6 the labellum(line7) is most comparable to
(a) a microscope
(b) an obstacle course
(c) an airport runway
(d) a racetrack
7 the word "lure" in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(a) attract
(b) recognize
(c) follow
(d) help
8 which of the following is not mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?
(a) size
(b) shape
(c) color
(d) perfume
9 the word "their" in line 13 refers to
(a) orchids
(b) birds
(c) insects
(d) species
10 which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?
(a) they are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.
(b) harmful insects are repelled by them. &n
bsp;
(c) they are difficult to tell apart.
(d) they may change at different times.
11 the word "placed" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(a) estimated
(b) measured
(c) deposited
(d) identified
12 the word "discrete" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(a) complicated
(b) separate
(c) inoffensive
(d) functional
question 13-22
牐牐燨ne of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950 s and
1960 s on the schools. in the 1920 s, but especially in the depression conditions of the 1930 s,
the united states experienced a declining birth rate -every thousand women aged fifteen to
forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930,75.8 in 1936,and 80 in
1940. with the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war and the economic
boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to
raise larger families than had their predecessors during the depression. birth rates rose to 102
per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. although economics was probably the
most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. the increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. the baby boomers
began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940 s and became a flood by 1950. the public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. while the number of schoolchildren rose because
of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared
to cope with the flood. the wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between
1940 and 1945. moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.
牐牐燭herefore, in the 1950 s and 1960 s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930 s and early 1940 s no longer made
sense; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in
school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach
younger children aged five to sixteen. with the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen
interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic
skills and discipline.
the system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and
extra services to older youths.
13 what does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) the teaching profession during the baby boom
(b) birth rates in the united states in the 1930 s and 1940
(c) the impact of the baby boom on public education
(d) the role of the family in the 1950 s and 1960 s
14 the word "it" in line 11 refers to
(a) 19550
(b) economics
(c) the baby boom
(d) value
15 the word "overtaxed" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(a) well prepared
(b) plentifully supplied
(c) heavily burdened
(d) charged too much
16 the public school of the 1950 s and 1960 s faced all of the following problems except
(a) a declining number of students
(b) old-fashioned facilities
(c) a shortage of teachers
(d) an inadequate number of school buildings
17 according to the passage, why did teachers leave the teaching profession after the outbreak of the war?
(a) the needed to be retrained
(b) they were dissatisfied with the curriculum.
(c) other jobs provided higher salaries.
(d) teaching positions were scarce.
18 the word "inadequate" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) deficient
(b) expanded
(c) innovative
(d) specialized
19 the "custodial rhetoric" mentioned in line 21 refers to
(a) raising a family
(b) keeping older individuals in school
(c) running an orderly house hold
(d) maintaining discipline in the classroom
20 the word "inevitably" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(a) unwillingly
(b) impartially
(c) irrationally
(d) unavoidably
21 where in the passage does the author refer to the attitude of americans toward raising a family in the 1950 s and 1960 s?
(a) lines 1-3
(b) lines 11-12
(c) lines 20-21
(d) lines 24-26
22 which of the following best characterizes the organization of the passage?
(a) the second paragraph presents the effect of circumstances described in the first paragraph.
(b) the second paragraph provides a fictional account to illustrate a problem presented in the first paragraph.
(c) the second paragraph argues against a point made in the first paragraph.
(d) the second paragraph introduces a problem not mentioned in the first paragraph.
structure and written expression
time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions)燦ow set your clock for 25 minutes.
牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐燬tructure
1. a microscope can reveal vastly ______detail than is visi
ble to the naked eye.
(a) than (b) than more (c) more than (d) more
2. narcissus bulbs ______ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.
(a) should be planted (b) to plant (c) must planting (d) should plant
3. industrialization has been responsible for ______ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.
(a) a (b) the (c) some of which (d) which are the
4. in many areas the slope and topography of the land ______ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.
(a) neither permit (b) without permitting (c) nor permitting (d) do not permit
5. color and light, taken together, ______ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.
牐 (a) very powerfully influence
牐 (b) very influence powerfully
牐 (c) powerfully very influence
牐 (d) influence powerfully very
6. ______ that rachel carson’s 1962 book silent spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.
(a) there is likely (b) likely to be (c) it is likely (d) likely
7. total color blindness, ______, is the result of a defect in the retina.
(a) a rare condition that (b) a rare condition (c) that a rare condition (d) is a rare condition
8. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.
(a) even (b) but (c) although (d) so
9. wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ______ in various forms.
(a) abundant (b) the abundance (c) an abundant (d) it abundant
10. in her time, isadora duncan was ______ today a liberated woman.
(a) calling what we would (b) who would be calling (c) what we would call (d) she would call it
11. ______ around stones that are sun-warmed, even the smallest of stones creates tiny currents of warm air.
(a) the cool air (b) if the air is cool (c) that the air cools (d) the cooler the air
12. despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features ______ its own special character.
(a) give it that (b) that give it (c) give that (d) that gives it to
13. most of ______ archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.
(a) these (b) what (c) which (d) their
14. according to some cities, the novels of william burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, ______ tendency toward overembellishment and incoherence.
(a) not withstanding (b) besides&
nbsp;(c) is a (d) its
15. coinciding with the development of jazz in new orleans in the 1920’s ______ in blues music. (a) was one of the greatest periods
(b) one of the greatest periods
(c) was of the greatest periods
(d) the greatest periods
reading comprehension
time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). now set your clock for 55 minutes.
question 1--10
牐牐燭he word laser was coined as an acronym for light amplification by the stimulated
emission of radiation. ordinary light, from the sun or a light bulb, is emitted
spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without
any outside intervention . stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an
atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.
牐 albert einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a
paper published in 1917. however , for many years physicists thought that atoms and
molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated
emission thus always would be much weaker. it was not until after the second world
war that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. they sought
ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light ,
amplifying it to much higher powers.
牐 the first to succeed was charles h.townes, then at colombia university in new
york . instead of working with light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have
a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for microwave
amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation. although he thought of the
key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. before
long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce
stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength.
牐 the key concepts emerged about 1957. townes and arthur schawlow, then at bell
telephone laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify
stimulated emission of visible light waves. at about the same time, similar ideas
crystallized in the mind of gordon gould, then a 37- year-old graduate student at
columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. townes and schawlow
published their ideas in a scientific journal, physical review letter, but gould filed a
patent application. three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit
for the concept of the laser.
1. the word
questions 1-9
牐牐燭he ocean bottom ------a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the
earth ---- is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted. until
about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath
waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep. totally without light and subjected to intense
pressures hundreds of times greater than at the earth s surface, the deep-ocean bottom
is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void
of outer space.
牐牐燗lthough researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for
over a century, the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not
actually start until 1968, with the beginning of the national science foundation s deep
sea drilling project (dsdp).using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and
gas industry, the dsdp s drill ship, theglomar challenger, was able to maintain a
steady position on the ocean s surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples
of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
牐牐燭he glomar challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that
ended in november 1983. during this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and
took almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites
around the world. the glomar challenger s core samples have allowed geologists
to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundred of millions of years ago and to
calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. today, largely
on the strength of evidence gathered during the glomar challenger s voyages, nearly
all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that
explain many of the geological processes that shape the earth.
牐牐燭he cores of sediment drilled by the glomar challenger have also yielded
information critical to understanding the world s past climates. deep-ocean sediments
provide a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years, because they
are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and biological
activity that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past climates. this record has
already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change ---
information that may be used to predict future climates.
1.the author refers to the ocean bottom as a "frontier" in line 2 because it
(a)is not a popular area for scientific research
(b)contains&n
...
bsp;a wide variety of life forms
(c)attracts courageous explorers
(d)is an unknown territory
2.the word "inaccessible" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(a)unrecognizable
(b)unreachable
(c)unusable
(d)unsafe
3.the author mentions outer space in line 7 because
(a)the earth s climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space.
(b)it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment
(c)rock formations in outer space are similar to those found on the ocean floor
(d)techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in ocean
exploration
4. which of the following is true of the glomar challenger?
(a) it is a type of submarine.
(b) it is an ongoing project.
(c) it has gone on over 100 voyages
(d) it made its first dsdp voyage in 1968
5. the word " extracting " in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(a) breaking
(b) locating
(c) removing
(d) analyzing
6. the deep sea drilling project was significant because it was
(a) an attempt to find new sources of oil and gas
(b) the first extensive exploration of the ocean bottom
(c) composed of geologists form all over the world
(d) funded entirely by the gas and oil industry
7. the word " strength " in line21 is closest in meaning to
(a)basis
(b)purpose
(c)discovery
(d)endurance
8.the word " they " in line26 refers to
(a)years
(b)climates
(c)sediments
(d)cores
9.which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as being a result of the deep sea
drilling project?
(a) geologists were able to determine the earth s appearance hundreds of millions of years ago.
(b) two geological theories became more widely accepted
(c) information was revealed about the earth s past climatic changes.
(d) geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen.
vocabulary and reading comprehension
questions 1-13
牐牐牐燗tmospheric pressure can support a column of water up to 10 meters high. but
plants can move water much higher, the sequoia tree can pump water to its very top,
more than 100 meters above the ground. until the end of the nineteenth century , the
movement of water s in trees and other talls plants was a mystery. some botanists
hypothesized that the living cells of plants acted as pumps, but many experiments
demonstrated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move
water to appreciable heights. other explanations for&nb
...
sp;the movement of water in plants
have been based on root pressure, a push on the water from the roots at the bottom of
the plant. but root pressure is not nearly great enough to push water to the tops of tall
trees, furthermore, the conifers, which are among the tallest trees have unusually low
root pressures.
牐牐營f water is not pumped to the top of a tall tree, .and if it is not pushed, to the top of a
tall tree, then we may ask. how does it get there? according to the currently accepted
cohesion-tension theory, water is pulled there. the pull on a rising column of water in a
plant results from the evaporation of water at the top of the plant. as water is lost from
the surface of the leaves,a negative pressure or tension is created. the evaporated
water is replaced by water moving from inside the plant in unbroken columns that
extend from the top of a plant to its roots. the same forces that create surface tension
in any sample of water .are responsible for the maintenance of these unbroken columns
of water. when water is confined in tubes of very small bore, the forces of cohestion
(the attraction between water molecules) arc so great that the strength of a column of
water compares with the strength of a. steel wire of the same diameter. this cohesive
strength permits columns of water to be pulled to great heights without being broken.
1. how many theories does the author mention?
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
2. the passage answers which of the following questions ?
(a) what is the effect of atmospheric pressure on foliage?
(b) when do dead cells harm plant growth?
(c) how does water get to the tops of trees?
(d) why is root pressure weak?
3. the word "demonstrated" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(a)ignored
(b) showed
(c) disguised
(d) distinguished
4. what do the experiments mentioned in lines 6-8 prove?
(a) plant stems die when deprived of water.
(b) cells in plant sterns do not pump water.
(c) plants cannot move water to high altitudes.
(d) plant cells regulate pressure within stems.
5. how do botanists know that root pressure is not the only force that moves water in plants?
(a) some very tall trees have weak root pressure.
(b) root pressures decrease in winter.
(c) plants can live after their roots die.
(d) water in a plant s roots is not connected to water in its stem.
6. which of the following statements
...
does the passage support?
(a) water is pushed to the tops of trees.
(b) botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps.
(c) atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees.
(d) botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants.
7. the word "it" in line 13 refers to
(a) top
(b) tree
(c) water
(d) cohesion-tension theory
8. the word "there" in line 15 refers to
(a)treetops
(b) roots
(c) water columns
(d) tubes
9. what causes the tension that draws water up a plant?
(a) humidity
(b) plant growth
(c) root pressure
(d) evaporation
10. the word "extend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(a) stretch
(b) branch
(c) increase
(d) rotate
11.according to the passage, why does water travel through plants in unbroken columns?
(a) root pressure moves the water very rapidly.
(b) the attraction between water molecules is strong.
(c) the living cell of plants push the water molecules together.
(d) atmospheric pressure supports the columns.
12. why does the author mention steel wire in line 24?
(a) to illustrate another means of pulling water
(b) to demonstrate why wood is a good building material
(c) to indicate the size of a column of winter
(d) to emphasize the strength of cohesive forces in water
13. where in the passage does the author give an example of a plant with low root pressure?
(a.) lines 3-5
(b) lines 6-8
(c) lines 11-12
(d) lines 13-14
structure and written expression
time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions) now set your clock for 25 minutes.
structure
1 amber comes____from the resins of pine trees that grew in northern europe millions of years ago. (a) chiefly (b) and chiefly (c) it is chiefly (d) since it is chiefly
2 an adult human must take eight steps to go ____as a giraffe does in one stride.
(a) as far (b) the farther (c) how far (d) farther
3 when the focus of a pair of binoculars is adjusted, ____into view.
(a) bringing distant objects (b) distant objects can be brought (c) and bring distant objects
(d) to bring distant objects
4 from the iroquois tradition of behind-the-scenes political participation by women, alice jemison acquired a self-confidence that ____in her later crusades.
(a) her served well (b) served well her (c) served her well (d) her well served
5 because of its importance in modern living, ____in all parts of the world.
(a) algebra is&
...
nbsp;studied in schools and colleges (b) studying algebra in schools and colleges
(c) and the study of algebra in school and colleges (d) in schools and colleges are algebra studies
6 ____in the diet is especially important for vegetarians.
(a) enough protein is obtained (b) obtaining enough protein (c) they obtain enough protein
(d) by obtaining enough protein
7 the early work of edith wharton ____the relationship between the individual and the community.
(a) focuses attention on (b) focusing the attention on (c) the attention focused on
(d) is the attention and locus
8 archaeologists know ____35,000 years ago, but it is still unclear for precisely what purpose.
(a) drawing being practiced (b) when the practice of drawing (c) that drawing was practiced
(d) practicing of drawing
9 coral reefs owe their brilliant colors to algae ____in symbiosis with coral polyps.
(a) that live (b) do they live (c) why they live (d) live
10 the specialized nature of anthropological research makes ____that various to determine their
similarities and differences.
(a) imperative is (b) it imperative (c) it is imperative (d) it is an imperative
11 watercolor provides a brilliant transparency and freshness, ____it allows extraordinarily free
brushwork.
(a) that (b) during (c) which (d) and
12 the common cold, normally ____illness, can seriously threaten the health of postoperative
patients.
(a) can be minor (b) as minor (c) minor an (d) a minor
13 commercial expansion from city to suburb has affected the way people in the united states___.
(a) living and working (b) they live and work (c) live and work (d) to live and to work
14 only recently ___possible to separate the components of fragrant substances and to determine
their chemical composition.
(a) it becomes (b) having become (c) has it become (d) which becomes
15 charles lindbergh told reporters ___never been deterred from attempting to cross the atlantic
alone even though others had failed.
(a) that he had (b) that he had it (c) had it (d) his having
reading燙omprehension
time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). now set your clock for 55 minutes.
question 1-12
牐牐 orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. the column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some
cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. surrounding th
...
e column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. the most noticeable of the
petals is called the labellum, or lip. it is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing
strip to attract the specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.
牐牐燭o lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors, and scents. at least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended to attract one, or at most a few, species of insects or birds. some orchids even change their scents to interest different insects at different times.
牐牐燨nce the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle
courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. by such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant
crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. at the same time
they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.
1. what does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) birds
(b) insects
(c) flowers
(d) perfume
2 the orchid is unique because of
(a) the habitat in which it lives
(b) the structure of its blossom
(c) the variety of products that can bemade from it
(d) the length of its life
3 the word "fused" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(a) combined
(b) hidden
(c) fertilized
(d) produced
4 how many orchid seeds are typically pollinated at one time?
(a) 200
(b) 2,000
(c) 20,000
(d) 200,000
5 which of the following is a kind of petal?
(a) the column
(b) the sepal
(c) the stem
(d) the labellum
6 the labellum(line7) is most comparable to
(a) a microscope
(b) an obstacle course
(c) an airport runway
(d) a racetrack
7 the word "lure" in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(a) attract
(b) recognize
(c) follow
(d) help
8 which of the following is not mentioned as a means by which an orchid attracts insects?
(a) size
(b) shape
(c) color
(d) perfume
9 the word "their" in line 13 refers to
(a) orchids
(b) birds
(c) insects
(d) species
10 which of the following statements about orchids scents does the passage support?
(a) they are effective only when an insect is near the blossom.
(b) harmful insects are repelled by them. &n
...
bsp;
(c) they are difficult to tell apart.
(d) they may change at different times.
11 the word "placed" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(a) estimated
(b) measured
(c) deposited
(d) identified
12 the word "discrete" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(a) complicated
(b) separate
(c) inoffensive
(d) functional
question 13-22
牐牐燨ne of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950 s and
1960 s on the schools. in the 1920 s, but especially in the depression conditions of the 1930 s,
the united states experienced a declining birth rate -every thousand women aged fifteen to
forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930,75.8 in 1936,and 80 in
1940. with the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war and the economic
boom that followed it, young people married and established households earlier and began to
raise larger families than had their predecessors during the depression. birth rates rose to 102
per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. although economics was probably the
most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. the increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. the baby boomers
began streaming into the first grade by the mid-1940 s and became a flood by 1950. the public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. while the number of schoolchildren rose because
of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared
to cope with the flood. the wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between
1940 and 1945. moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.
牐牐燭herefore, in the 1950 s and 1960 s, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930 s and early 1940 s no longer made
sense; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in
school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach
younger children aged five to sixteen. with the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen
interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic
skills and discipline.
[7] ...
the system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and
extra services to older youths.
13 what does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) the teaching profession during the baby boom
(b) birth rates in the united states in the 1930 s and 1940
(c) the impact of the baby boom on public education
(d) the role of the family in the 1950 s and 1960 s
14 the word "it" in line 11 refers to
(a) 19550
(b) economics
(c) the baby boom
(d) value
15 the word "overtaxed" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(a) well prepared
(b) plentifully supplied
(c) heavily burdened
(d) charged too much
16 the public school of the 1950 s and 1960 s faced all of the following problems except
(a) a declining number of students
(b) old-fashioned facilities
(c) a shortage of teachers
(d) an inadequate number of school buildings
17 according to the passage, why did teachers leave the teaching profession after the outbreak of the war?
(a) the needed to be retrained
(b) they were dissatisfied with the curriculum.
(c) other jobs provided higher salaries.
(d) teaching positions were scarce.
18 the word "inadequate" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) deficient
(b) expanded
(c) innovative
(d) specialized
19 the "custodial rhetoric" mentioned in line 21 refers to
(a) raising a family
(b) keeping older individuals in school
(c) running an orderly house hold
(d) maintaining discipline in the classroom
20 the word "inevitably" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(a) unwillingly
(b) impartially
(c) irrationally
(d) unavoidably
21 where in the passage does the author refer to the attitude of americans toward raising a family in the 1950 s and 1960 s?
(a) lines 1-3
(b) lines 11-12
(c) lines 20-21
(d) lines 24-26
22 which of the following best characterizes the organization of the passage?
(a) the second paragraph presents the effect of circumstances described in the first paragraph.
(b) the second paragraph provides a fictional account to illustrate a problem presented in the first paragraph.
(c) the second paragraph argues against a point made in the first paragraph.
(d) the second paragraph introduces a problem not mentioned in the first paragraph.
structure and written expression
time: 25 minutes (including the reading of the directions)燦ow set your clock for 25 minutes.
牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐牐燬tructure
1. a microscope can reveal vastly ______detail than is visi
[8] ...
ble to the naked eye.
(a) than (b) than more (c) more than (d) more
2. narcissus bulbs ______ at least three inches apart and covered with about four inches of well drained soil.
(a) should be planted (b) to plant (c) must planting (d) should plant
3. industrialization has been responsible for ______ most radical of the environmental changes caused by humans.
(a) a (b) the (c) some of which (d) which are the
4. in many areas the slope and topography of the land ______ excess rainfall to run off into a natural outlet.
(a) neither permit (b) without permitting (c) nor permitting (d) do not permit
5. color and light, taken together, ______ the aesthetic impact of the interior of a building.
牐 (a) very powerfully influence
牐 (b) very influence powerfully
牐 (c) powerfully very influence
牐 (d) influence powerfully very
6. ______ that rachel carson’s 1962 book silent spring was one of the chief sources of inspiration for the development of nontoxic pesticides.
(a) there is likely (b) likely to be (c) it is likely (d) likely
7. total color blindness, ______, is the result of a defect in the retina.
(a) a rare condition that (b) a rare condition (c) that a rare condition (d) is a rare condition
8. ______ no conclusive evidence exists, many experts believe that the wheel was invented only once and then diffused to the rest of the world.
(a) even (b) but (c) although (d) so
9. wherever there is plenty of rain during the growing season, life is ______ in various forms.
(a) abundant (b) the abundance (c) an abundant (d) it abundant
10. in her time, isadora duncan was ______ today a liberated woman.
(a) calling what we would (b) who would be calling (c) what we would call (d) she would call it
11. ______ around stones that are sun-warmed, even the smallest of stones creates tiny currents of warm air.
(a) the cool air (b) if the air is cool (c) that the air cools (d) the cooler the air
12. despite its wide range of styles and instrumentation, country music has certain common features ______ its own special character.
(a) give it that (b) that give it (c) give that (d) that gives it to
13. most of ______ archaeologists know about prehistoric cultures is based on studies of material remains.
(a) these (b) what (c) which (d) their
14. according to some cities, the novels of william burroughs demonstrate the major hazard of absurd literature, ______ tendency toward overembellishment and incoherence.
(a) not withstanding (b) besides&
[9] ...
nbsp;(c) is a (d) its
15. coinciding with the development of jazz in new orleans in the 1920’s ______ in blues music. (a) was one of the greatest periods
(b) one of the greatest periods
(c) was of the greatest periods
(d) the greatest periods
reading comprehension
time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). now set your clock for 55 minutes.
question 1--10
牐牐燭he word laser was coined as an acronym for light amplification by the stimulated
emission of radiation. ordinary light, from the sun or a light bulb, is emitted
spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by themselves, without
any outside intervention . stimulated emission is different because it occurs when an
atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has been stimulated to emit it as light.
牐 albert einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated emission in a
paper published in 1917. however , for many years physicists thought that atoms and
molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously and that stimulated
emission thus always would be much weaker. it was not until after the second world
war that physicists began trying to make stimulated emission dominate. they sought
ways by which one atom or molecule could stimulate many other to emit light ,
amplifying it to much higher powers.
牐 the first to succeed was charles h.townes, then at colombia university in new
york . instead of working with light , however, he worked with microwaves, which have
a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a "maser" for microwave
amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation. although he thought of the
key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple of years later. before
long, many other physicists were building masers and trying to discover how to produce
stimulated emission at even shorter wavelength.
牐 the key concepts emerged about 1957. townes and arthur schawlow, then at bell
telephone laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions needed to amplify
stimulated emission of visible light waves. at about the same time, similar ideas
crystallized in the mind of gordon gould, then a 37- year-old graduate student at
columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks. townes and schawlow
published their ideas in a scientific journal, physical review letter, but gould filed a
patent application. three decades later, people still argue about who deserves the credit
for the concept of the laser.
1. the word
[10] ...