我自己的托福语法真题小结_托福真题
对于托福，我是从一个菜鸟起步的，得益于众多网友的帮助。对于和我一样正在为托福奋斗的朋友们，我share一下我的真题语法笔记，希望也尽自己的一点微薄之力。祝大家美梦成真！
1. ( )elijah mccoy’s invention of the lubricating cup in the early 1870’s machinery had to be stopped in order to be lubricated.
a before b. when c. while d. lately
* select a. 空格后是名词性短语，不是句子，故用介词而非连词。只有before is prep.
2. their keen senses of hearing and smell have made some types of dogs ( ) in hunting and tracking and as security guards.
a. of the value b. as valuable c. are valued d. valuable
* answer is d, make sth +adj is fixed.
3. sherwood anderson’s novel mcpherson’s son, ( ), first appeared in 1916.
a. a restless young ran who strives for better things is concerned.
b. is concerned with a restless young man who strives for better things.
c. concerned with a restless young man who strives for better things,
* answer is c. 句子主谓完整，在主谓间用两个逗号隔开的只能是同位语或后置定语，c为分词短语作后置定语；a为名词性短语，但前面是书名非人名。
4. another 后接单数n. other 可接复数n.
5. once a teacher of french and spanish, the writer maya remaining strongly committed to the goals of foreign language education.
* b is wrong. change “remaining” to “remained”, remain 是半系动词。
6. one of the +最高级+ 名词复数
eg. one of the largest groups of butterflies.
7. various culture--- various cultures.
8. many english ( ) were opposed to the american revolution of 1776 moved to canada, where they were known as united empire loyalists.
a. settling there b. they settled
c. who were settlers d. settlers who
* answer is d. 谓语v是moved, 句子缺主语，且主语后接从名是有谓语而缺主语及连接词，应在答案中选择名词+从句连接词形式。即d
9. “cause sth sb to do” is fixed.
the least/most+分词/形容词/副词
the first+名词+（ever）to do
10. the science of horticulture, ( ) the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences.
a. and which b. in which c. which is d. which
* answer is b. 空格后的从句主谓语俱全，所缺连接词并不兼做从句主语、宾语或定语，应是作状语或与介词构成短语作状语，应选择副词或介词+代词的形式，答案中无副词，故选b。要点：当空格后的从句主、谓、宾俱全时，选择连接词时应首先考虑介词+which的形式。
11. dreaming is a distinct and necessary part of sleeping, usually it characterized by the occurrence of rapid eye movement.
* c is wrong. 被动语态。划线后紧跟by, 应注意此处是否应为被动语态。 correct is “ usually it is characterized.”
12. sea turtle hatchlings sleep afloat at the surface of the water not adults tend to sleep far below the surface.
* b is wrong. 连词。本句由两个分保存构成，相互之间为对比关系。not是副词，不有用来连接句子，可改为while (然而)。
13. the novel or short story are the literary forms most typically called fiction.
* a is wr
ong. 主谓数的一致、连词。系动词为are, 说明主语应是复数的。而两个单数的名词用or连接时。仍为单数，只有用and 连接才成为复数。应改为and. 要点：and /but / or 划线时，要首先考虑。
14. various 是adj.
a variety of + n
15. deciduous trees are those that shed all or nearly all of its leaves each year.
* c is wrong. 代词/数的一致。its 是单数，此处代词指代的是复数trees, 应为their. 注意nearly all 是对的。
16. the same molecular orderliness that makes crystals so easy to analyze mathematically makes them difficult using in the laboratory or the factory.
* d is wrong. make +宾语+ adj +to do 是固定短语。
add: make +宾语+ 宾补，宾补只能是adj or n（词组）。
17. the cost of preparing and harvesting an acre of field corn is extremely high even though in the best of weather.
* d is wrong. even though & even 的区别。even though为连词后接从句，even是副词，后可接介词短语。
18. one of phillis wheatley’s earliest verses, composed in her teens, celebrates learning, redemption, and virtue, three principal themes of her work subsequent.
* d is wrong. 词序。 单个形容词修饰名词时，应放在名词前， 不能后置，应为 subsequent work.
19. on horseback 在马背上，骑马。 用on.是固定表达。
20. the basis concepts of systems engineering have been in use for centuries.
* a is wrong. 词性。basis 是名词，而修饰concepts 应用形容词basic. 要点：base ,basic, basis的区别。
21. still more 是固定短语。 more still 是错的。
22. 固定短语: be responsible for.
be elected to +职务
at age+数词，“当多少岁时”
23. the first +n +从句或to do 是固定用法。
24. ( ) of staging a play that help the help the audience understand its structure and meaning.
a. specific aspects b. when specific aspects
c. specific aspects are d. there are specific aspects
* answer is d. there be 结构。句中有that 引导的从句，说明前面应是主句。主句只剩介词短语，应在答案中选择主谓结构或there be 组成句子。c 系动词are与介词短语相联，语意不同。
25. ( ) depends on the density of both the object and the water.
a. an object floats whether or not b. whether or not an object floats
c. floating an object whether or not d. whether or not a floating object
*answer is b. 名词主从/主语。空格后depends为谓语动词，所缺为主语或主从，b为whether or not 引导的名词从句，可作主语，d中whether or not 后面不是句子。
26. from its innermost core to its corona. the sun has a structure typical of most star of its kind.
* c is wrong. most +复数名词。
27. several ancient cultures presented math in sentences from with little or no abbreviation or symbolism.
*c is wrong. 名词的数。名词作定语修饰后面的名词时，用单数而不用复数。应为sentence.
28. intension n.紧张
intense adj.强烈的, 剧烈的, 热切的, 热情的, 激烈的
29. continually 和always常与进行时连用表示“一贯如此”。eg：people are continually making financial decisions.
30. peggy guggenheim was none so much attracted to contemporary ar
t itself as she was to the bohemian art world.
* a is wrong. not/ never so… as …是固定搭配。此外，否定was 应用副词not.
31. 固定搭配: 1) be noted for …
2) bring sth. to light v.使某事暴露；sth.太长时，可写为bring to light sth.
32. moist climate ( moist 是形容词，不能用名词moisture)
33. among the favorite attractions at the national air and space museum in washington d.c. are the film presented on the five-story-tall screen.
*d is wrong. among 位于句首，要倒装，主语位于系动词之后，系动词是are 为复数，主语film 应改为复数films.
34. the most often flour is made from wheat, but it may also be made from the seeds of other cereal plants.
* a is wrong. 多词。此处most 修饰often，二者均为副词，作状语，冠词the 多余。
35. the unique ability of the horseshoe crab detected bacterial end toxins was a chance discovery in the 1970’s at the marine biological laboratory in woods hole, massachusetts.
*b is wrong. the ability (of …) to do … 是固定搭配。detected 改为to detect.
36. a protagonist of a play is ( ) in tragedy as the suffering main character.
a. what known b. known as c. what it is known d. what is known
* d is the answer. 系动词is后缺表语，what引导的从句是名词性从句，可作表语，what = the thing that.
37. stars differ fundamental from planets in that they are self-luminous whereas planets shine by reflected light.
*a is wrong. fundamental is adj,不能修饰动词differ, 应用fundamentally. 注意by reflected light is right.
38. an electromagnet is a device which magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.
* b is wrong. 介词+which结构后接定语从句。从句主语为magnetism，且此句为被动式，不需要宾语，因而which在从句中无法作主语和宾语，故应改为with which作状语。
39. * chemistry is n. chemical is adj.
40. anthropologists face complex problems of analysis and synthesis when they go about the task of description the culture of a group of people.
* c is wrong. 词性。名词description 不能后接the culture 作其宾语，应用动名词describing.
注意，见到划线的以—tion结尾的名词，应注意其是否应为动词的形式。
41. able (abler ablest) eg: the ablest public speaker
42. after the first world war, the author anais nin became interested in the art movement known as surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both( ) her novels and short stories.
a. in which the influence b. of which influenced c. to have influence d. its influence in
* answer is b. 主谓结构。both前为句子，其后应是短语或从句，a，b为从句形式。从句有主语both而缺谓语动词，故选含动词的b。c似不定式短语，但influence后缺in.
43. ( ) colonial period the great majority of connecticut’s settlers came from england.
a. since b. the time c. during the d. it was
* c is right. （）后为句子，则前面是短语或从句。a、c均可与空格后成份构成介词短语，但since 用于完成时句子中，故选c。d中it为形式主语，但后文无that 或to 的真正主语部分。
44. nebraska
has floods in some years, ( ).
a. in others drought b. droughts are others c. while other droughts d. others in drought
*a is right. some…, others …是平行结构。前面有in some years, 故后面用a. in others (= in other years). a是…it has drought的省略形式。也可说成drought in others.
45. almost all 是固定顺序。
46. it was near end of prehistoric times that the first wheeled vehicles appeared.
*a is wrong. 冠词。名词end 前面应有冠词。应为near the end.
47. since rats are destructive and may carry disease, therefore many cities try to exterminate them.
*c is wrong. 逗号前为since引导的从句，逗号后为主句，主从句之间不能用连词therefore连接。therefore多余。
48. scientists believe that by altering the genetic composition of plants it is possible to develop specimens that are resisting to disease and have increased food value.
* b is wrong. 词性/习语。resist是及物动词，其后直接接名词，不用to. 此处划线词后出现to, 说明不能用其动词形式resisting, 而应用形容词resistant(be resistant to )是固定短语。
49. 固定搭配: be of special interest to +n.
throughout one’s life/ existence
50. ( ) no real boundary to the part of the ocean referred to as a “deep” because of changing water levels and movement in the sea floor.
a. it is b. to be c. being d. there is
* answer is d. there be 句型。空格后只剩下名词词组no real boundary及其定语等，主谓均缺。应在答案中找主谓结构或there be 结构。a用形式主语it, 但文中并无真正主语to do 或that, 故选d。
51. world trade patterns are indicative of the important economic issues ( ) confront the world today.
a. what b. that c. who d. they
* answer is b. 从句连接词。名词issues后接定语从句，从句缺连接词兼主语。答案中可作定语从句连接词的有b、c。c指人，与先行词issues不一致，故选b。a中what只能引导宾语从句，不能引导定语从句；that引导定语从句，可在从句中作主语或宾语成份，且在从句作宾语成份时可省略。
52. ( ) native to europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of north america.
a. although b. if it were c. in spite of d. that it is
* answer is a. 连词。逗号前后两部分意思相反，需选表转折关系的连词，即a. 注意：although 与even though一样，引导主系表结构的从句时可省略主语和系动词be, 此句即省略了it is.
53. the midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the sun visible remains in the sky for twenty-four hours or longer.
* b is wrong. 词序。形容词visible应接在系动词remains之后。
54. 固定搭配：be suitable for
by the time +定语从句或+of短语
55. the capital of the united states, originally new york city, was moved to philadelphia where stayed until 1800.
*d is wrong. 缺词。 where应后接状语从句，从句中有谓语动词stayed, 而缺主语，应为where is stayed.
56. robert received the 1980 nobel prize in economics for pioneering the useful of computers to forecast economic activity.
* c is wrong. 词性。useful 是形容词，而the …of 之间应为名词性成份。应为use.
57. 固定搭配： compared with; in comparison with
break-broke-broken, begin-began-begun; stand-stood-stood; set-set-set e.g.: be broken
“an university” is wrong-- a university
“as a youngster child”. as a young child. ( youngster n.年青人, 少年 is the same meaning as child)
58. hawaii’s eight major islands and numerous islets form the only state in the united states that is not lie on the mainland of north america.
*d is wrong. is 不可后接动词原形。划线词后紧接动词lie, is应改为does.
59. the social games of children help to prepare themselves for their adult roles.
* c is wrong.反身代词。当动作的执行者就是接受者时，主可使用反身代词。此处动作的执行者是主语games,而接受者则应是children,二者不一致。应为them. 注意：见到划线的反身代词是否与动作的执行者一致。
60. 固定搭配： n + the shape/ size/color of …
be dependent on
be in danger of
comment on
the billions/hundreds of +名词 数词+ billion/ hundred +名词
61. if television had been invented a thousand years age, will nations be significantly more homogeneous than they are now?
*b is wrong. 虚拟语气。 if 从句使用了虚拟语气had been invented, 主句不能用will ,应当用would。
62. on most scales, zero marks the starting point or the neutralize position.
* d is wrong. neutralize 是动词，修饰名词position应用形容词neutral (中立的)。注意，划线的以-ize结尾的动词是否为名词的错用。
63. according to all findings to date, the known universe consists almost entirely of the hydrogen.
*d is the best answer. we should change the hydrogen to hydrogen. in other words, get rid of the!!
(to date到目前为止, 迄今)
63. a historical novel may do more than mirror history; ( ) future events.
a even influencing b. it may even influence
c.may even influence d. that it may even influence
*b is right. 分号结构。分号的作用相当于句号，分号前后都应是完整的句子，故选b。
64. different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long.
* d is wrong. 词性表示“在长度方面”固定的说法是in length. 介词后应加名词。注意：表示长（long, length），高(high, height)，深(deep, depth)等词的名词及形容词形式。
65. opposite 是介词。
be credited with 是固定搭配“被认为取得某种成就”。
the beginnings of 是固定搭配。
other than “除了，不同于”.
at one time adv.同时, 曾经
in+ city’s name 在某城市 be located +地点
66. the people elect delegates to an assembly.
assemble:是名词，有集会，下议院之意。
67. 不规则动词变化形式：stand-stood-stood, begin-began-begun, see-saw-seen
. e.g: be seen.
68. since 1971 the regional corporations set up in alaska by congress managing everything from fishing to banking.
* c is wrong. 词形。此处需谓语动词形式have managed. 句中set up 为过去分词修饰前面的名词主语corporations. banking 是”银行业”.
69. the metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
*b is wrong. 时态。句子中有表示具体时间的状语in the nineteenth century, 则不能用现在完成时，而要用一般过去时。此处has been 改为was.
70. ( ), in the late 1800’s some libraries had to keep as many as twenty to thirty copies of each of mary jane’s books on hand.
a. inventories showing b. that show inventories
c. inventories show that d. showing the inventories
*c is right. 复合句，本句中some后的部分为从句，前面缺少主句，及连接词。故选择完整主谓结构，即c。
71. because of the aleut’s constant exposure to cold weather, they have long recognized ( ).
a. and body needs to be fat b. body needs the fat
c. how fat the body needs d. the body’s need for fat
* d is right. 宾语。recognize是及物动词，其后应接名词性的成份作宾语。
d是名词词组，故选之。b看似省掉that 的宾语从句，但fat前的定冠词the 是错误的。c如改为how much fat 则在句子结构上也正确。
72. agree的用法：1）agree +宾语 2）agree with/ to +名词结构。
chemical 的用法：1）作名词，“化学制品，化学药品”，常用复数形式 2）作形容词，表示“的”。
water的用法：1）作名词[常用复]，表示大片的水; 海[河, 湖, 池]水域
2）作名词，表示“水”，不可数
3）作动词，表示“饮水，灌溉”
73. it has been calculated that the earth’s circumference around the equator is over forty longer miles that the circumference around the two poles.
* d is wrong. 词序。表示数量、程度的形容词（或副词）比较级的正确语序为：数词+量词+比较词+than，即forty miles longer (than …).
74. alike & like的用法： alike是形容词或副词，而like可以是介词或动词。在句首位置、后接宾语的，应是介词like.
another & other: another+单数名词，other+复数名词。
others, the others 是代词, 前面没有定冠词时, 指不定的“其它[他]的事物或人(复数)”。
the others单独使用，后面不接其他成份。
如: we must think of others. 我们必须多为别人着想。
the other 1) 是其中的“另一个”, 如:give me the other one; not this one. 给我那一个, 不是这一个。
2)两个中的“另一个”是“the other”; 不定数目中的“另一个”是“another” ,
如:this glass is broken. get me another. 这个杯子坏了, 给我另拿一个来。(在许多杯子中的一个)
75. a principle of manager is to ensure that every action or decision achieves a carefully planned goal.
* a is wrong. 近义词。manager指人，前面应有冠词。此处应用指事的名词management.
76.复数形式：fungus pl: fungi
77.( ) by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoat.
a. eliminate problems b. the eliminated problems
c. eliminating problems d. problems are eliminated
* c is right. 主语/动名词。 本句所缺为句子主语，其后的by 短语表示方式，说明这个主语是一个动作，应考虑其可能是动名词或动名词短语。答案中c是动名词短语，a是动宾结构，b中心词是problems而非动作，d是句子。
78. make的用法：
1）使役动词：make sb do sth.(使役动词只有三个：make;&
nbsp;let; have, 注意get sb to do sth.)
2) make +sth.(宾语) +possible+（宾语补足语）
a. make it possible +(for sb)+to do
b. make it possible+ that从句
c. make possible sth (sth很长，后面有一个后置定语)
技巧：如果possible后面有to do 或that从句，中间一定有形式宾语it.
如果possible后面有名词，中间一定没有it.
a microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.
*c is wrong.多词/形式宾语。it看似形式宾语，但后文并无to 或that的真正宾语部分，故it多余，make+宾语+形容词/名词是固定搭配，此句宾语过长，故放在形容词后面。注意区别：make it (possible) to do 和make (possible) +宾语（冗长的宾语通常放在后面）。
79. fixed collocation: prove +to be+名词。
people’s upper arms with their forearms
literary classic（n）：文学名著
similar to 是形容词短语，直接修饰名词。
the +形容词最高级+known 是固定说法，表示“已知的最…的”。
the topic of …interest
80. pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.
*a is wrong. 比较级。后文有关键词than,可知此处应是比较级而非最高级，应为more. 注意最后any other使用has.
81.the operetta first ( ) as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century.
a. to emerge b. emerging c. has emerged d. emerged
*d is answer. 句中缺谓语动词，而a、b都是动词的非谓语形式，不可单独作谓语，c是完成时，不能与副词first搭配，故选d。
82. sociological studies have found that deeply hold values and principles are highly resistant to change.
* b is wrong. 修饰名词values应当用动词的过去分词，而hold是动词原形，应为held.分词的作用相当于形容词。
83. ( ) hardiness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily.
a. their b. since their c. it is their d. because of their
*d is answer, 介词短语。逗号后是一完整的句子，逗号前常是状语，由分词短语或介词短语充当，答案中无分词，只有b、d是介词结构，since作健忘时不表示原因，而是“自从”的意思，d是正确。
84. ( ) that of iron construction, the technology for constructing buildings with reinforced concrete developed rather rapidly.
a. dissimilar b. different c. not likely d. unlike.
* d is right. 此句需要介词短语作状语，四个答案中只有d：unlike是介词。a应为dissimilar to, b应为different from, c: not likely是形容词。
85. an olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately ( ) from marathon to athens.
a. the distance is b. that the distance is c. is that the distance d. the distance
*d is right. approximately the distance from marathon to athens为名词短语，补充说明整个句子，相当于省略了which is 的定语从句。
86. the united states constitution requires that the president be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or be older, who has lived in the united states for&nb
sp;a minimum of fourteen years.
*c is wrong. or 两边成份应同性质。注意：require要求其宾语从句用动词原形。
87. ensuring an adequate water supply have been a concern ever since people began to live in towns and cities.
* c is wrong. 主谓数的一致。主语为动名词短语时，谓语动词应为单数形式。have 应为has. ever since是adv,从那时起到现在。
88. 注意区别：1) the most +adj/ adv 为最高级比较级
most + n 意为“大多数”(注意前面无冠词the)
2) costly adj.昂贵的, 贵重的 e.g.: costly binding 精美装订
3) long before引导状语从句，与before意思一样，但语意更强。
89. a majority of people in the united state can get all the calcium their bodies from the food they eat.
a. require b. requires c. requiring d. to require
*a is right. 谓语/主谓数的一致，calcium后面是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，从句缺谓语动词，a、b均可，但从句主语为复数的bodies,故选复数形式的a。c、d均为动词的非谓语形式。
90. for centuries waterwheels were the only sources of power aside from human and animal strong.
*d is wrong. 词性。形容词human 与animal 修饰的应是名词，形容词strong应为strength. 注意：区别形容词strong与名词strength两个词形。注意the only后面可加单数名词，也可加复数名词。aside from意为adv.”除...以外”.
91. 1) dams vary in size from small rock barriers to concrete structures many feet height.
*d is wrong. 词性/习语。表示长度、重量等单位的名词后接形容词，数词+feet long/high是固定短语，不用名词height.注意：wide-width, long-length, high-height.
2) in the wild, tea plants become tress of approximately thirty feet in high.
*d is wrong. high是形容词，而介词in后应接名词，应为height.
92. the texture of soil is determined by the size of the grains or particles that make up.
* d is wrong. make up 表示“组成”时，要带宾语，此处应为make it up.
93. swans, noted for graceful movements in the water, have been the subject of many poetry, fairy tales, legends, and musical compositions.
*c is wrong. 近义词。注意：poetry表示“诗歌”为总称，不可数。前有many, 此处用可数的poems表示“诗”。
94. at night the desert floor radiates heat back into the atmosphere and the temperature may be drop to near freezing.
* c is wrong. 多词，动词drop前不应加系动词be.
95. ( ) social crusade aroused elizabeth williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the united states.
a. no b. nothing c. not d. none
*a is right.否定词，空格处为定语，修饰名词crusade, 应当用形容词。其中a. no是形容词，nothing是名词或副词， not 是副词，none是代词。
96. algebra generalizes certain basic laws govern the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of all numbers.
*把govern(v.统治，管理)改为that govern，作laws定语从句。
97. physical fitness activities can lead to an alarming variety of injuries if participants push themselves greatly hard.
*d is wrong. greatly只可用来修饰分词，不能修饰单一普通副词或形容词。此处应用very.
98. prototypical oboes did a loud, harsh tone, but the modern oboe is&nb
sp;appreciated for its smooth and beautiful tone.
*a is wrong. make/have a … tone是固定搭配，did应为had或made. 注意。do和make的错用。
99. some procedures used for laboratory analysis of archaeological specimens are ( ) procedures conducted in crime laboratories.
a. resemble b. similar to c. same as d. alike
*b is right. 习语/表语。空格前为系动词are，所缺为表语，应选择形容词或名词性的成份，similar to 为形容词短语，可作表语；其后带procedures作介词宾语。resemble是动词；same as前缺冠词the; alike是形容词，但只能作表语，不能带宾语。
100. according to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees ( ), with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
a. facially b. their faces c. having facial d. they had faces
*a is right. 状语。修饰动词resembled需用副词作状语。
101. the work “shore” can be used rather of “coast” to mean the land bordering the sea.
* b is wrong. rather 改为instead. instead of 是固定搭配。
102. it is not unusual for ballet dancers wear out more than one pair of toe shoes during an evening’s performance.
*a is wrong. 句首有形式主语it ,应注意后文是否出现真正的主语to 或that, 此处wear前漏了to.
103. green ( ) have the power to make food from substances found in the air and soil.
a. only plants b. plants alone c. the only plants d. plants are alone
*b is right. 词序。注意副词only 与alone的区别，alone应位于名词之后，如green plants alone而only 应放在前面，即only green plants. 故选b。
104. approximately fifty percent of the package utilized in the united states are for foods and beverages.
*a is wrong. 谓语是are, 应改为packages,注意：package是可数名词，baggage和luggage才是不可数名词。有百分比概念的名词主语由其中的名词来决定其单复数，并决定其后面的谓语动词的单复数。
105. whether as statesman, scientist, and philosopher, benjamin franklin was destined to gain lasting honor throughout much of the world.
*a is wrong. whether…or …是固定用法，不能用and. much of “大多数”.
106. antique auctions have become popular in the united states because a steadily increasing awareness of the investment value of antiques.
*b is wrong. because是连词，后接从句，此处后面是短语，应用介词because of.注意：become(became become).
107. industry utilize the gaseous element xenon when developing specialized flashlights and other powerful lamps.
*a is wrong. industry为第三人称单数，应用utilizes. 注意：when+ -ing作状语。
108. the history of painting is a fascination chain of events that probably began with ( ).
a. ever made the very first pictures b. the ever made very first pictures
c. the very first ever made pictures d. the very first pictures ever made
*d is right. 词序。当名词由数个形容词修饰时，应注意这些修饰前后顺序，通常（the very）放在最前面，而分词短语（ever made）则放在中心词后作后置定语。
109. not until about 20,000b.c ( ) executed.
a. were known of the oldest paintings b. the oldest of kno
wn paintings were
c. the oldest known were paintings d. were the oldest known paintings
* d is right. 倒装句。not until位于句首，句子要用倒装结构，应选择助动词+主语的形式，即d，the oldest known+名词是固定短语。
110. for convenience it is common to speak of plants as herbs, shrubs and trees, but it is really no sharp distinctions among them.
*c is wrong. there be句型，此处it不指代句中任何成份，而且也不是形式主语，因后文并无真正的主语部分，it应为there.
111. although all humans age, the rate at which this inevitable process occurs is different each person.
*d is wrong. different与each person间缺介词，应为different with each person(因人而异)。age此处为动词，“变老”。
112. prior to the introduction of giant tilling and sowing machinery, wheat did not grow as prolifically like it does today.
*c is wrong. like 和as这两个常错用。like是介词，后面不能接从句，此处后接从句，应用连词as.
113. cattle egrets follow herds of cattle or other grazing animals to food on insects stirred up by the bigger animals.
*a is wrong. food是名词，但此处应用动词feed. to feed on是固定短语。
114. scientists claim that an individual can function from about three days when totally deprived of sleep.
*c is wrong. from应后接具体时间，此处后文about three days为一段时间的长度，介词不能用from,应为for.
115. as a result of ( ) in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.
a. there is now knowledge b. knowing now that
c. what is now known d. known now
*c is right, of应后接名词性从句，what 引导名词从句，可作介词宾语。
116. most nineteenth-century whaling ships carried three or four small whaleboats, both able to carry a crew of six.
* d is wrong. both和all的用法，关键词是three or four,3个以上要用all.
117. it is believed that people referred to as “vikings” reached to north america about the year a.d.1000.
* c is wrong. reach表示“到达”时为及物动词，reach+地点是固定短语，to多余。
118. acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people ( ).
a. do b. hear c. do them d. hearing it
*a is right, before引导的状语从句有主语而缺谓语动词,此动词实际应是sense,与前文重复，故选do代替。
119. the national cowboy hall of fame in oklahoma city pay tribute to everyone associated with what americans call the “old west”.
*b is wrong. 主语是第三人称单数，应用pays. 注意：call引导双宾语，what代一宾语。
120. washington. d. c, ( ) broad tree-shaded thoroughfares, has many imposing buildings.
a. its b. with its c. to have its d. has
*b is right, 主谓之间逗号隔开的部分是短语或从句，注意它不是主语的同位语，故选with its组成介词短语。
121. throughout the state of maine ( ) summer music camps, where young people and adults may study in beautiful rural , ;settings.
a. there are b. is where c. located d. to be found&nbs
1. ( )elijah mccoy’s invention of the lubricating cup in the early 1870’s machinery had to be stopped in order to be lubricated.
a before b. when c. while d. lately
* select a. 空格后是名词性短语，不是句子，故用介词而非连词。只有before is prep.
2. their keen senses of hearing and smell have made some types of dogs ( ) in hunting and tracking and as security guards.
a. of the value b. as valuable c. are valued d. valuable
* answer is d, make sth +adj is fixed.
3. sherwood anderson’s novel mcpherson’s son, ( ), first appeared in 1916.
a. a restless young ran who strives for better things is concerned.
b. is concerned with a restless young man who strives for better things.
c. concerned with a restless young man who strives for better things,
* answer is c. 句子主谓完整，在主谓间用两个逗号隔开的只能是同位语或后置定语，c为分词短语作后置定语；a为名词性短语，但前面是书名非人名。
4. another 后接单数n. other 可接复数n.
5. once a teacher of french and spanish, the writer maya remaining strongly committed to the goals of foreign language education.
* b is wrong. change “remaining” to “remained”, remain 是半系动词。
6. one of the +最高级+ 名词复数
eg. one of the largest groups of butterflies.
7. various culture--- various cultures.
8. many english ( ) were opposed to the american revolution of 1776 moved to canada, where they were known as united empire loyalists.
a. settling there b. they settled
c. who were settlers d. settlers who
* answer is d. 谓语v是moved, 句子缺主语，且主语后接从名是有谓语而缺主语及连接词，应在答案中选择名词+从句连接词形式。即d
9. “cause sth sb to do” is fixed.
the least/most+分词/形容词/副词
the first+名词+（ever）to do
10. the science of horticulture, ( ) the primary concerns are maximum yield and superior quality, utilizes information derived from other sciences.
a. and which b. in which c. which is d. which
* answer is b. 空格后的从句主谓语俱全，所缺连接词并不兼做从句主语、宾语或定语，应是作状语或与介词构成短语作状语，应选择副词或介词+代词的形式，答案中无副词，故选b。要点：当空格后的从句主、谓、宾俱全时，选择连接词时应首先考虑介词+which的形式。
11. dreaming is a distinct and necessary part of sleeping, usually it characterized by the occurrence of rapid eye movement.
* c is wrong. 被动语态。划线后紧跟by, 应注意此处是否应为被动语态。 correct is “ usually it is characterized.”
12. sea turtle hatchlings sleep afloat at the surface of the water not adults tend to sleep far below the surface.
* b is wrong. 连词。本句由两个分保存构成，相互之间为对比关系。not是副词，不有用来连接句子，可改为while (然而)。
13. the novel or short story are the literary forms most typically called fiction.
* a is wr
...
ong. 主谓数的一致、连词。系动词为are, 说明主语应是复数的。而两个单数的名词用or连接时。仍为单数，只有用and 连接才成为复数。应改为and. 要点：and /but / or 划线时，要首先考虑。
14. various 是adj.
a variety of + n
15. deciduous trees are those that shed all or nearly all of its leaves each year.
* c is wrong. 代词/数的一致。its 是单数，此处代词指代的是复数trees, 应为their. 注意nearly all 是对的。
16. the same molecular orderliness that makes crystals so easy to analyze mathematically makes them difficult using in the laboratory or the factory.
* d is wrong. make +宾语+ adj +to do 是固定短语。
add: make +宾语+ 宾补，宾补只能是adj or n（词组）。
17. the cost of preparing and harvesting an acre of field corn is extremely high even though in the best of weather.
* d is wrong. even though & even 的区别。even though为连词后接从句，even是副词，后可接介词短语。
18. one of phillis wheatley’s earliest verses, composed in her teens, celebrates learning, redemption, and virtue, three principal themes of her work subsequent.
* d is wrong. 词序。 单个形容词修饰名词时，应放在名词前， 不能后置，应为 subsequent work.
19. on horseback 在马背上，骑马。 用on.是固定表达。
20. the basis concepts of systems engineering have been in use for centuries.
* a is wrong. 词性。basis 是名词，而修饰concepts 应用形容词basic. 要点：base ,basic, basis的区别。
21. still more 是固定短语。 more still 是错的。
22. 固定短语: be responsible for.
be elected to +职务
at age+数词，“当多少岁时”
23. the first +n +从句或to do 是固定用法。
24. ( ) of staging a play that help the help the audience understand its structure and meaning.
a. specific aspects b. when specific aspects
c. specific aspects are d. there are specific aspects
* answer is d. there be 结构。句中有that 引导的从句，说明前面应是主句。主句只剩介词短语，应在答案中选择主谓结构或there be 组成句子。c 系动词are与介词短语相联，语意不同。
25. ( ) depends on the density of both the object and the water.
a. an object floats whether or not b. whether or not an object floats
c. floating an object whether or not d. whether or not a floating object
*answer is b. 名词主从/主语。空格后depends为谓语动词，所缺为主语或主从，b为whether or not 引导的名词从句，可作主语，d中whether or not 后面不是句子。
26. from its innermost core to its corona. the sun has a structure typical of most star of its kind.
* c is wrong. most +复数名词。
27. several ancient cultures presented math in sentences from with little or no abbreviation or symbolism.
*c is wrong. 名词的数。名词作定语修饰后面的名词时，用单数而不用复数。应为sentence.
28. intension n.紧张
intense adj.强烈的, 剧烈的, 热切的, 热情的, 激烈的
29. continually 和always常与进行时连用表示“一贯如此”。eg：people are continually making financial decisions.
30. peggy guggenheim was none so much attracted to contemporary ar
...
t itself as she was to the bohemian art world.
* a is wrong. not/ never so… as …是固定搭配。此外，否定was 应用副词not.
31. 固定搭配: 1) be noted for …
2) bring sth. to light v.使某事暴露；sth.太长时，可写为bring to light sth.
32. moist climate ( moist 是形容词，不能用名词moisture)
33. among the favorite attractions at the national air and space museum in washington d.c. are the film presented on the five-story-tall screen.
*d is wrong. among 位于句首，要倒装，主语位于系动词之后，系动词是are 为复数，主语film 应改为复数films.
34. the most often flour is made from wheat, but it may also be made from the seeds of other cereal plants.
* a is wrong. 多词。此处most 修饰often，二者均为副词，作状语，冠词the 多余。
35. the unique ability of the horseshoe crab detected bacterial end toxins was a chance discovery in the 1970’s at the marine biological laboratory in woods hole, massachusetts.
*b is wrong. the ability (of …) to do … 是固定搭配。detected 改为to detect.
36. a protagonist of a play is ( ) in tragedy as the suffering main character.
a. what known b. known as c. what it is known d. what is known
* d is the answer. 系动词is后缺表语，what引导的从句是名词性从句，可作表语，what = the thing that.
37. stars differ fundamental from planets in that they are self-luminous whereas planets shine by reflected light.
*a is wrong. fundamental is adj,不能修饰动词differ, 应用fundamentally. 注意by reflected light is right.
38. an electromagnet is a device which magnetism is produced by an electric magnet.
* b is wrong. 介词+which结构后接定语从句。从句主语为magnetism，且此句为被动式，不需要宾语，因而which在从句中无法作主语和宾语，故应改为with which作状语。
39. * chemistry is n. chemical is adj.
40. anthropologists face complex problems of analysis and synthesis when they go about the task of description the culture of a group of people.
* c is wrong. 词性。名词description 不能后接the culture 作其宾语，应用动名词describing.
注意，见到划线的以—tion结尾的名词，应注意其是否应为动词的形式。
41. able (abler ablest) eg: the ablest public speaker
42. after the first world war, the author anais nin became interested in the art movement known as surrealism and in psychoanalysis, both( ) her novels and short stories.
a. in which the influence b. of which influenced c. to have influence d. its influence in
* answer is b. 主谓结构。both前为句子，其后应是短语或从句，a，b为从句形式。从句有主语both而缺谓语动词，故选含动词的b。c似不定式短语，但influence后缺in.
43. ( ) colonial period the great majority of connecticut’s settlers came from england.
a. since b. the time c. during the d. it was
* c is right. （）后为句子，则前面是短语或从句。a、c均可与空格后成份构成介词短语，但since 用于完成时句子中，故选c。d中it为形式主语，但后文无that 或to 的真正主语部分。
44. nebraska
...
has floods in some years, ( ).
a. in others drought b. droughts are others c. while other droughts d. others in drought
*a is right. some…, others …是平行结构。前面有in some years, 故后面用a. in others (= in other years). a是…it has drought的省略形式。也可说成drought in others.
45. almost all 是固定顺序。
46. it was near end of prehistoric times that the first wheeled vehicles appeared.
*a is wrong. 冠词。名词end 前面应有冠词。应为near the end.
47. since rats are destructive and may carry disease, therefore many cities try to exterminate them.
*c is wrong. 逗号前为since引导的从句，逗号后为主句，主从句之间不能用连词therefore连接。therefore多余。
48. scientists believe that by altering the genetic composition of plants it is possible to develop specimens that are resisting to disease and have increased food value.
* b is wrong. 词性/习语。resist是及物动词，其后直接接名词，不用to. 此处划线词后出现to, 说明不能用其动词形式resisting, 而应用形容词resistant(be resistant to )是固定短语。
49. 固定搭配: be of special interest to +n.
throughout one’s life/ existence
50. ( ) no real boundary to the part of the ocean referred to as a “deep” because of changing water levels and movement in the sea floor.
a. it is b. to be c. being d. there is
* answer is d. there be 句型。空格后只剩下名词词组no real boundary及其定语等，主谓均缺。应在答案中找主谓结构或there be 结构。a用形式主语it, 但文中并无真正主语to do 或that, 故选d。
51. world trade patterns are indicative of the important economic issues ( ) confront the world today.
a. what b. that c. who d. they
* answer is b. 从句连接词。名词issues后接定语从句，从句缺连接词兼主语。答案中可作定语从句连接词的有b、c。c指人，与先行词issues不一致，故选b。a中what只能引导宾语从句，不能引导定语从句；that引导定语从句，可在从句中作主语或宾语成份，且在从句作宾语成份时可省略。
52. ( ) native to europe, the daisy has now spread throughout most of north america.
a. although b. if it were c. in spite of d. that it is
* answer is a. 连词。逗号前后两部分意思相反，需选表转折关系的连词，即a. 注意：although 与even though一样，引导主系表结构的从句时可省略主语和系动词be, 此句即省略了it is.
53. the midnight sun is a phenomenon in which the sun visible remains in the sky for twenty-four hours or longer.
* b is wrong. 词序。形容词visible应接在系动词remains之后。
54. 固定搭配：be suitable for
by the time +定语从句或+of短语
55. the capital of the united states, originally new york city, was moved to philadelphia where stayed until 1800.
*d is wrong. 缺词。 where应后接状语从句，从句中有谓语动词stayed, 而缺主语，应为where is stayed.
56. robert received the 1980 nobel prize in economics for pioneering the useful of computers to forecast economic activity.
* c is wrong. 词性。useful 是形容词，而the …of 之间应为名词性成份。应为use.
...
57. 固定搭配： compared with; in comparison with
break-broke-broken, begin-began-begun; stand-stood-stood; set-set-set e.g.: be broken
“an university” is wrong-- a university
“as a youngster child”. as a young child. ( youngster n.年青人, 少年 is the same meaning as child)
58. hawaii’s eight major islands and numerous islets form the only state in the united states that is not lie on the mainland of north america.
*d is wrong. is 不可后接动词原形。划线词后紧接动词lie, is应改为does.
59. the social games of children help to prepare themselves for their adult roles.
* c is wrong.反身代词。当动作的执行者就是接受者时，主可使用反身代词。此处动作的执行者是主语games,而接受者则应是children,二者不一致。应为them. 注意：见到划线的反身代词是否与动作的执行者一致。
60. 固定搭配： n + the shape/ size/color of …
be dependent on
be in danger of
comment on
the billions/hundreds of +名词 数词+ billion/ hundred +名词
61. if television had been invented a thousand years age, will nations be significantly more homogeneous than they are now?
*b is wrong. 虚拟语气。 if 从句使用了虚拟语气had been invented, 主句不能用will ,应当用would。
62. on most scales, zero marks the starting point or the neutralize position.
* d is wrong. neutralize 是动词，修饰名词position应用形容词neutral (中立的)。注意，划线的以-ize结尾的动词是否为名词的错用。
63. according to all findings to date, the known universe consists almost entirely of the hydrogen.
*d is the best answer. we should change the hydrogen to hydrogen. in other words, get rid of the!!
(to date到目前为止, 迄今)
63. a historical novel may do more than mirror history; ( ) future events.
a even influencing b. it may even influence
c.may even influence d. that it may even influence
*b is right. 分号结构。分号的作用相当于句号，分号前后都应是完整的句子，故选b。
64. different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long.
* d is wrong. 词性表示“在长度方面”固定的说法是in length. 介词后应加名词。注意：表示长（long, length），高(high, height)，深(deep, depth)等词的名词及形容词形式。
65. opposite 是介词。
be credited with 是固定搭配“被认为取得某种成就”。
the beginnings of 是固定搭配。
other than “除了，不同于”.
at one time adv.同时, 曾经
in+ city’s name 在某城市 be located +地点
66. the people elect delegates to an assembly.
assemble:是名词，有集会，下议院之意。
67. 不规则动词变化形式：stand-stood-stood, begin-began-begun, see-saw-seen
...
. e.g: be seen.
68. since 1971 the regional corporations set up in alaska by congress managing everything from fishing to banking.
* c is wrong. 词形。此处需谓语动词形式have managed. 句中set up 为过去分词修饰前面的名词主语corporations. banking 是”银行业”.
69. the metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth century.
*b is wrong. 时态。句子中有表示具体时间的状语in the nineteenth century, 则不能用现在完成时，而要用一般过去时。此处has been 改为was.
70. ( ), in the late 1800’s some libraries had to keep as many as twenty to thirty copies of each of mary jane’s books on hand.
a. inventories showing b. that show inventories
c. inventories show that d. showing the inventories
*c is right. 复合句，本句中some后的部分为从句，前面缺少主句，及连接词。故选择完整主谓结构，即c。
71. because of the aleut’s constant exposure to cold weather, they have long recognized ( ).
a. and body needs to be fat b. body needs the fat
c. how fat the body needs d. the body’s need for fat
* d is right. 宾语。recognize是及物动词，其后应接名词性的成份作宾语。
d是名词词组，故选之。b看似省掉that 的宾语从句，但fat前的定冠词the 是错误的。c如改为how much fat 则在句子结构上也正确。
72. agree的用法：1）agree +宾语 2）agree with/ to +名词结构。
chemical 的用法：1）作名词，“化学制品，化学药品”，常用复数形式 2）作形容词，表示“的”。
water的用法：1）作名词[常用复]，表示大片的水; 海[河, 湖, 池]水域
2）作名词，表示“水”，不可数
3）作动词，表示“饮水，灌溉”
73. it has been calculated that the earth’s circumference around the equator is over forty longer miles that the circumference around the two poles.
* d is wrong. 词序。表示数量、程度的形容词（或副词）比较级的正确语序为：数词+量词+比较词+than，即forty miles longer (than …).
74. alike & like的用法： alike是形容词或副词，而like可以是介词或动词。在句首位置、后接宾语的，应是介词like.
another & other: another+单数名词，other+复数名词。
others, the others 是代词, 前面没有定冠词时, 指不定的“其它[他]的事物或人(复数)”。
the others单独使用，后面不接其他成份。
如: we must think of others. 我们必须多为别人着想。
the other 1) 是其中的“另一个”, 如:give me the other one; not this one. 给我那一个, 不是这一个。
2)两个中的“另一个”是“the other”; 不定数目中的“另一个”是“another” ,
如:this glass is broken. get me another. 这个杯子坏了, 给我另拿一个来。(在许多杯子中的一个)
75. a principle of manager is to ensure that every action or decision achieves a carefully planned goal.
* a is wrong. 近义词。manager指人，前面应有冠词。此处应用指事的名词management.
76.复数形式：fungus pl: fungi
77.( ) by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoat.
a. eliminate problems b. the eliminated problems
c. eliminating problems d. problems are eliminated
* c is right. 主语/动名词。 本句所缺为句子主语，其后的by 短语表示方式，说明这个主语是一个动作，应考虑其可能是动名词或动名词短语。答案中c是动名词短语，a是动宾结构，b中心词是problems而非动作，d是句子。
78. make的用法：
1）使役动词：make sb do sth.(使役动词只有三个：make;&
...
nbsp;let; have, 注意get sb to do sth.)
2) make +sth.(宾语) +possible+（宾语补足语）
a. make it possible +(for sb)+to do
b. make it possible+ that从句
c. make possible sth (sth很长，后面有一个后置定语)
技巧：如果possible后面有to do 或that从句，中间一定有形式宾语it.
如果possible后面有名词，中间一定没有it.
a microphone enables a soft tone to be amplified, thus making it possible the gentle renditions of romantic love songs in a large hall.
*c is wrong.多词/形式宾语。it看似形式宾语，但后文并无to 或that的真正宾语部分，故it多余，make+宾语+形容词/名词是固定搭配，此句宾语过长，故放在形容词后面。注意区别：make it (possible) to do 和make (possible) +宾语（冗长的宾语通常放在后面）。
79. fixed collocation: prove +to be+名词。
people’s upper arms with their forearms
literary classic（n）：文学名著
similar to 是形容词短语，直接修饰名词。
the +形容词最高级+known 是固定说法，表示“已知的最…的”。
the topic of …interest
80. pennsylvania has the most institutions of higher learning than any other state has.
*a is wrong. 比较级。后文有关键词than,可知此处应是比较级而非最高级，应为more. 注意最后any other使用has.
81.the operetta first ( ) as a popular form of musical theater in the nineteenth century.
a. to emerge b. emerging c. has emerged d. emerged
*d is answer. 句中缺谓语动词，而a、b都是动词的非谓语形式，不可单独作谓语，c是完成时，不能与副词first搭配，故选d。
82. sociological studies have found that deeply hold values and principles are highly resistant to change.
* b is wrong. 修饰名词values应当用动词的过去分词，而hold是动词原形，应为held.分词的作用相当于形容词。
83. ( ) hardiness, daylilies can be cultivated particularly easily.
a. their b. since their c. it is their d. because of their
*d is answer, 介词短语。逗号后是一完整的句子，逗号前常是状语，由分词短语或介词短语充当，答案中无分词，只有b、d是介词结构，since作健忘时不表示原因，而是“自从”的意思，d是正确。
84. ( ) that of iron construction, the technology for constructing buildings with reinforced concrete developed rather rapidly.
a. dissimilar b. different c. not likely d. unlike.
* d is right. 此句需要介词短语作状语，四个答案中只有d：unlike是介词。a应为dissimilar to, b应为different from, c: not likely是形容词。
85. an olympic marathon is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately ( ) from marathon to athens.
a. the distance is b. that the distance is c. is that the distance d. the distance
*d is right. approximately the distance from marathon to athens为名词短语，补充说明整个句子，相当于省略了which is 的定语从句。
86. the united states constitution requires that the president be a natural-born citizen, thirty-five years of age or be older, who has lived in the united states for&nb
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sp;a minimum of fourteen years.
*c is wrong. or 两边成份应同性质。注意：require要求其宾语从句用动词原形。
87. ensuring an adequate water supply have been a concern ever since people began to live in towns and cities.
* c is wrong. 主谓数的一致。主语为动名词短语时，谓语动词应为单数形式。have 应为has. ever since是adv,从那时起到现在。
88. 注意区别：1) the most +adj/ adv 为最高级比较级
most + n 意为“大多数”(注意前面无冠词the)
2) costly adj.昂贵的, 贵重的 e.g.: costly binding 精美装订
3) long before引导状语从句，与before意思一样，但语意更强。
89. a majority of people in the united state can get all the calcium their bodies from the food they eat.
a. require b. requires c. requiring d. to require
*a is right. 谓语/主谓数的一致，calcium后面是省略了关系代词that的定语从句，从句缺谓语动词，a、b均可，但从句主语为复数的bodies,故选复数形式的a。c、d均为动词的非谓语形式。
90. for centuries waterwheels were the only sources of power aside from human and animal strong.
*d is wrong. 词性。形容词human 与animal 修饰的应是名词，形容词strong应为strength. 注意：区别形容词strong与名词strength两个词形。注意the only后面可加单数名词，也可加复数名词。aside from意为adv.”除...以外”.
91. 1) dams vary in size from small rock barriers to concrete structures many feet height.
*d is wrong. 词性/习语。表示长度、重量等单位的名词后接形容词，数词+feet long/high是固定短语，不用名词height.注意：wide-width, long-length, high-height.
2) in the wild, tea plants become tress of approximately thirty feet in high.
*d is wrong. high是形容词，而介词in后应接名词，应为height.
92. the texture of soil is determined by the size of the grains or particles that make up.
* d is wrong. make up 表示“组成”时，要带宾语，此处应为make it up.
93. swans, noted for graceful movements in the water, have been the subject of many poetry, fairy tales, legends, and musical compositions.
*c is wrong. 近义词。注意：poetry表示“诗歌”为总称，不可数。前有many, 此处用可数的poems表示“诗”。
94. at night the desert floor radiates heat back into the atmosphere and the temperature may be drop to near freezing.
* c is wrong. 多词，动词drop前不应加系动词be.
95. ( ) social crusade aroused elizabeth williams’ enthusiasm more than the expansion of educational facilities for immigrants to the united states.
a. no b. nothing c. not d. none
*a is right.否定词，空格处为定语，修饰名词crusade, 应当用形容词。其中a. no是形容词，nothing是名词或副词， not 是副词，none是代词。
96. algebra generalizes certain basic laws govern the addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of all numbers.
*把govern(v.统治，管理)改为that govern，作laws定语从句。
97. physical fitness activities can lead to an alarming variety of injuries if participants push themselves greatly hard.
*d is wrong. greatly只可用来修饰分词，不能修饰单一普通副词或形容词。此处应用very.
98. prototypical oboes did a loud, harsh tone, but the modern oboe is&nb
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sp;appreciated for its smooth and beautiful tone.
*a is wrong. make/have a … tone是固定搭配，did应为had或made. 注意。do和make的错用。
99. some procedures used for laboratory analysis of archaeological specimens are ( ) procedures conducted in crime laboratories.
a. resemble b. similar to c. same as d. alike
*b is right. 习语/表语。空格前为系动词are，所缺为表语，应选择形容词或名词性的成份，similar to 为形容词短语，可作表语；其后带procedures作介词宾语。resemble是动词；same as前缺冠词the; alike是形容词，但只能作表语，不能带宾语。
100. according to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees ( ), with sloping foreheads and protruding brows.
a. facially b. their faces c. having facial d. they had faces
*a is right. 状语。修饰动词resembled需用副词作状语。
101. the work “shore” can be used rather of “coast” to mean the land bordering the sea.
* b is wrong. rather 改为instead. instead of 是固定搭配。
102. it is not unusual for ballet dancers wear out more than one pair of toe shoes during an evening’s performance.
*a is wrong. 句首有形式主语it ,应注意后文是否出现真正的主语to 或that, 此处wear前漏了to.
103. green ( ) have the power to make food from substances found in the air and soil.
a. only plants b. plants alone c. the only plants d. plants are alone
*b is right. 词序。注意副词only 与alone的区别，alone应位于名词之后，如green plants alone而only 应放在前面，即only green plants. 故选b。
104. approximately fifty percent of the package utilized in the united states are for foods and beverages.
*a is wrong. 谓语是are, 应改为packages,注意：package是可数名词，baggage和luggage才是不可数名词。有百分比概念的名词主语由其中的名词来决定其单复数，并决定其后面的谓语动词的单复数。
105. whether as statesman, scientist, and philosopher, benjamin franklin was destined to gain lasting honor throughout much of the world.
*a is wrong. whether…or …是固定用法，不能用and. much of “大多数”.
106. antique auctions have become popular in the united states because a steadily increasing awareness of the investment value of antiques.
*b is wrong. because是连词，后接从句，此处后面是短语，应用介词because of.注意：become(became become).
107. industry utilize the gaseous element xenon when developing specialized flashlights and other powerful lamps.
*a is wrong. industry为第三人称单数，应用utilizes. 注意：when+ -ing作状语。
108. the history of painting is a fascination chain of events that probably began with ( ).
a. ever made the very first pictures b. the ever made very first pictures
c. the very first ever made pictures d. the very first pictures ever made
*d is right. 词序。当名词由数个形容词修饰时，应注意这些修饰前后顺序，通常（the very）放在最前面，而分词短语（ever made）则放在中心词后作后置定语。
109. not until about 20,000b.c ( ) executed.
a. were known of the oldest paintings b. the oldest of kno
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wn paintings were
c. the oldest known were paintings d. were the oldest known paintings
* d is right. 倒装句。not until位于句首，句子要用倒装结构，应选择助动词+主语的形式，即d，the oldest known+名词是固定短语。
110. for convenience it is common to speak of plants as herbs, shrubs and trees, but it is really no sharp distinctions among them.
*c is wrong. there be句型，此处it不指代句中任何成份，而且也不是形式主语，因后文并无真正的主语部分，it应为there.
111. although all humans age, the rate at which this inevitable process occurs is different each person.
*d is wrong. different与each person间缺介词，应为different with each person(因人而异)。age此处为动词，“变老”。
112. prior to the introduction of giant tilling and sowing machinery, wheat did not grow as prolifically like it does today.
*c is wrong. like 和as这两个常错用。like是介词，后面不能接从句，此处后接从句，应用连词as.
113. cattle egrets follow herds of cattle or other grazing animals to food on insects stirred up by the bigger animals.
*a is wrong. food是名词，但此处应用动词feed. to feed on是固定短语。
114. scientists claim that an individual can function from about three days when totally deprived of sleep.
*c is wrong. from应后接具体时间，此处后文about three days为一段时间的长度，介词不能用from,应为for.
115. as a result of ( ) in physics and chemistry, scientists have been able to make important discoveries in biology and medicine.
a. there is now knowledge b. knowing now that
c. what is now known d. known now
*c is right, of应后接名词性从句，what 引导名词从句，可作介词宾语。
116. most nineteenth-century whaling ships carried three or four small whaleboats, both able to carry a crew of six.
* d is wrong. both和all的用法，关键词是three or four,3个以上要用all.
117. it is believed that people referred to as “vikings” reached to north america about the year a.d.1000.
* c is wrong. reach表示“到达”时为及物动词，reach+地点是固定短语，to多余。
118. acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people ( ).
a. do b. hear c. do them d. hearing it
*a is right, before引导的状语从句有主语而缺谓语动词,此动词实际应是sense,与前文重复，故选do代替。
119. the national cowboy hall of fame in oklahoma city pay tribute to everyone associated with what americans call the “old west”.
*b is wrong. 主语是第三人称单数，应用pays. 注意：call引导双宾语，what代一宾语。
120. washington. d. c, ( ) broad tree-shaded thoroughfares, has many imposing buildings.
a. its b. with its c. to have its d. has
*b is right, 主谓之间逗号隔开的部分是短语或从句，注意它不是主语的同位语，故选with its组成介词短语。
121. throughout the state of maine ( ) summer music camps, where young people and adults may study in beautiful rural , ;settings.
a. there are b. is where c. located d. to be found&nbs
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