全国职称英语等级考试试题（理工类）_职称英语
第一部分 阅读理解 (75分)
passage 1
catv is a short way of saying "community antenna (天线) television." but "cable television" is the term most people use. cable television allows viewers to receive tv programs that they cannot pick up with their regular antennas.
television signals do not follow the curve (曲线) of the earth. they travel in straight lines in all directions. signals from a tv station move toward the horizon (水平线) and then go into space. if you live only a few miles from a station, you may not get any picture at all.
catv began in 1948. people in places far from tv stations shared the cost of putting up high antennas. a community antenna was usually placed on a hill, a mountain, or on a high tower. the antenna picked up tv signals and fed them into a small local station. from the station, thick wires called cables ran out to nearby homes. each person using the cable paid a monthly charge.
catv worked well, and soon new uses were found for it. local stations could feed programs into empty channels that were not in use. people along the cable could have local news, weather reports, and farm and school news at no extra charge.
today, cable television has moved into cities. it brings in extra programs that city viewers with regular antennas cannot see. it is also used in many classrooms throughout the country.
1. from the first paragraph we know that ________.
○a. most people use cable television
○b. "community antenna" is another name for "regular antenna"
○c. a community antenna is used for cable television
○d. regular antennas cannot pick up tv signals programs
2. of the following, which is not the way tv signals travel?
○a. in a curve.
○b. in a straight line.
○c. in all direction.
○d. toward the horizon.
3. cable tv is becoming more and popular because _____________.
○a. it is free of charge
○b. it can provide more programs
○c. it provides all tv users good pictures
○d. tv sets with regular antennas can also have a good reception through catv
4. on the whole, this passage is about ________.
○a. how to put up high antennas
○b. a way of picking up better tv programs
○c. how to use the empty channels on your tv set
○d. the way that tv signals are sent
5. from the passage we can infer that __________.
○a. tv has begun to be used for educational purposes
○b. there is no charge for catv
○c. cable tv cannot be used in mountainous areas
○d. antennas for cable tv are usually put up in the center of a community
passage 2
in earliest times, men considered lightning to be one of the great mysteries of nature. some ancient people believed that lightning and thunder were the weapons of the gods.
in reality, lightning is a flow of electricity formed high above the earth. a single flash of lightning 1.6 kilometers long has enough electricity to light one million light bulbs.
the american scientist and statesman, benjamin franklin, was the first to show the connection between electricity and lightning in 1752. in the same year he also built the first lightning rod. this device protects buildings from damage by lightning.
modern science has discovered that one stroke of lighting contains more than 15 million volts. a spark between a cloud and the earth may be as long as 13 kilometers, and travel at a speed of 30 million meters per second.
scientists estimate that there are about 2000 million flashes of lightning per year. lightning hits the empire state building in new york city 30 to 48 times a year. in the united states along it kills an average of one person every day.
the safest place to be in case of an electrical storm is in a closed car. outside, one should go to low ground and not get under trees. also, one should stay out of water and away from metal fences. inside a house, people should avoid open doorways and windows and not touch wires or metal things.
with lightning, it is better to be safe than sorry!
6. lightning is really __________.
○a. weapon
○b. electricity
○c. light
○d. mystery
7. people once though that lightning came from __________.
○a. scientists
○b. ground
○c. lightning rod
○d. gods
8. one flash of lightning can produce enough electricity for ______ bulbs.
○a. 10,000
○b. 1,000
○c. 1,000,000
○d. 100
9. benjamin franklin ___________.
○a. made the first lightning rod
○b. invented electricity
○c. built the empire state building
○d. prevented lightning from hitting cars
10. _________ is the best place to be during an electrical storm.
○a. swimming pool
○b. a high ground
○c. under a tree
○d. a car
passage 3
because of the energy crisis, scientists in the oil-consuming nations have become increasingly interested
in the potential(潜在的) of solar energy. some experts estimate that the present supply of fossil (化石) fuel will not last until the end of the twentieth century. the problem that solar energy researchers face is how to harness (利用) the sun's energy effectively and inexpensively. one of the most popular methods currently being tested uses rooftop solar collectors and underground storage tanks. an advantage of a properly working system of this type is that it will not create any environmental pollution. another advantage of using solar energy is that the cost of the fuel-the sun's rays-is zero. when a solar heating system is working at maximum (最大的) efficiency, it can provide up to 80 percent of winter heating needs.
11. the main topic of this passage is __________.
○a. the shortage of fossil fuel
○b. the problems that energy researchers face
○c. an environmental pollution problem
○d. an inexpensive energy source
12. one popular solar heating system makes use of __________.
○a. roof collectors and underground storage
○b. fossil fuel conversion
○c. underground oil tanks
○d. water collection and evaporation
13. the cost of using the sun's rays for heating is ___________.
○a. about the same as the cost of fossil fuels
○b. several hundred dollars per year
○c. negligible compared with other energy sources
○d. determined by the severity of the winter
14. which of the following describes an advantage of using solar energy?
○a. there is little or no environmental pollution.
○b. a large percentage of fuel costs can be saved.
○c. fossil fuels will become more plentiful.
○d. the oil-consuming nations will not have to import oil.
15. according to some experts, the supply of fossil fuel will not last _______.
○a. one more century
○b. an indeterminable time
○c. until the end of this century
○d. indefinitely
第二部分 完成句子 (25分)
根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。
not long ago, an airplane was flying over new zealand. there was a television camera crew on board. suddenly, out in the night sky, a bright sphere (球体) came into view. everyone on board saw it and everyone though, "ufo"-unidentified flying object. the camera crew went into action and started filming. that week people all over the world saw the film of this mysterious light on their television screens. what was it? was it a spaceship full of visitors from another planet? the captain of the aeroplane and the film crew believed it was. other observers had many different explanations. some said it was venus (金星). others said it was just a trick of light.
an air traffic controller also saw it on his radar screen. he thought that a flock of birds was causing dots on his radar screen when the "ufo" appeared.
most astronomers now believe that what these people saw was almost certainly the planet venus. at that time of year it is very bright and easy to see. and from a moving aeroplane it can appear to be moving fast. so far there is no proof that ufos or spaceships from other planets do exist. these years investigators of ufos have investigated thousands of sighting-or occasions when people said they saw a ufo. ninety per cent of these turned out to have a simple explanation.
however, it's good idea to keep an open mind. scientists in some countries are trying to persuade their governments to help them study ufos. and they are planning to cooperate inter-nationally on reporting and investigating sightings of ufos.
after all, it is quite possible that there is life out there in the universe. and if something is alive, it is quite possible that it will come to visit us.
16. the captain and the camera crew believed that ufo was a v spaceship from another planet.
17. many o believed that the ufo was venus.
18. so far there is no proof that ufos are sp from outer space.
19. some scientists in the world are planning to do some r on ufos.
20. p life in the universe may try to make a visit to us.
第三部分 阅读理解 (80分)
passage 1
in recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed human life on our planet, as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the universe as a whole. maybe one of the most profound developments of the last decade is the discovery of recombinant dna technology, which allows scientists to introduce genetic (遗传学的) material (or genes) from one organism into another. in its simplest form, the technology requires the isolation of a piece of dna, either directly from the dna of the organism under study, or artificially synthesized from an dna. this piece of dna is then ligated (结扎) to a fragment of bacterial dna which has the capacity to replicate (复制) itself independently. the recombinant molecule thus produced can be introduced into the common intestinal (内部的) bacterium escheris
hchia coli, which can be grown in very large amounts in synthetic media. under proper conditions, the foreign gene will not only replicate in the bacteria, but also express itself, through the process of transcription and translation, to give rise to large amounts of the specific protein coded by the foreign gene.
the technology has already been successfully applied to the production of several therapeutically (疗法的) important biomolecules, such as, growth hormones, interferon, insulin.
many other important applications are under detailed investigation in laboratories throughout the world.
21. recombinant dna technology consists primarily of ____________.
○a. producing several therapeutically important biomolecules
○b. giving rise to large amounts of protein
○c. introducing genetic material from one organism into another
○d. using a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase
22. recombinant dna technology has been used in the production of all of the following biomolecules except ___________.
○a. growth hormones
○b. escherishchia coli
○c. interferon
○d. insulin
23. which of the following is not true?
○a. the foreign gene will replicate in the bacteria, but it will not express itself through transcription and translation.
○b. the bacterium escherishchia coli can be grown in large amounts in synthetic media.
○c. research continues in an effort to find other uses for this technology.
○d. recombinant dna technology is a recent development.
24. expression of a gene in escherishchia coli requires ________.
○a. the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
○b. the processes of transcription and translation
○c. production of insulin and other biomolecules
○d. that the bacteria be grown in a synthetic media
25. the term recombinant is used because ___________.
○a. by ligation, a recombinant molecule is produced, which has the capacity of replication
○b. the technique requires the combination of several types of technology
○c. by ligation, a recombinant protein is produced, part of whose amino acids come from different organism
○d. escherishchia coli is a recombinant organism
passage 2
watch a baby between six and nine months old, and you will observe the basic concepts of geometry being learned. once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three - dimensional, it reaches out and begins grasping various kinds of objects. it is then, from perhaps nine to fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers are formed. so far, so good. but now ominous (不祥的) development takes place. the nerve fibers in the brain insulate (使隔离) themselves in such a way that the baby begins to hear sounds very precisely. soon it picks up language, and it is then brought into direct communication with adults. from this point on, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of the community into which it has been so unfortunate as to have been born. nature having done very well by the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of to this point, having permitted it the luxury of thinking for itself for eighteen months, now abandons it to the arbitrary conventions and beliefs of society. but at least the child knows something of geometry and numbers, and it will always retain some memory of the early halcyon (平静的) days no matter what vicissitudes (变化) it may suffer later on. the main reservoir of mathematical talent in any society is thus possessed by children who are about two years old. children who have just learned to speak fluently.
26. what does the passage mainly discuss?
○a. the impact of language on mathematics.
○b. children's ability to learn languages.
○c. how basic concepts of physics are learned.
○d. math-learning strategies for babies.
27. according to the passage, which of following activities would teach a baby geometry?
○a. picking up a wooden block.
○b. recognizing the number 2.
○c. uttering a nonsense word.
○d. looking at distant objects.
28. according to the author, at what age does a child probably begin to learn about sets and numbers?
○a. six months.
○b. nine months.
○c. fifteen months.
○d. eighteen months.
29. the use of the word "ominous" shows that the author believe the child's _____.
○a. linguistic future is threatened
○b. nerves will deteriorate
○c. hearing will suffer
○d. mathematical ability all decline
30. the passage support which of the following conclusions?
○a. the language concepts used in early education interfere with mathematical reasoning.
○b. it is hopeless to try to teach children mathematics after the age of two.
○c. language teaching should incorporate some mathematical formulas.
○d. preschool education should st
ress society's beliefs and conventions
第四部分 概括大意 (20分)
给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。
31. the solar e
the sun is the source of most of the heat known to us. as a direct source of heat, the sun maintains life upon this planet, 150 000 000 kilometers distant. it is also an indirect source of heat. since the earth is derived from the sun, it is the latter that we must trace some of the earth's internal heat that reveals itself through volcanoes, geysers (喷泉), and hot springs.
32. insects and surface t
an insect is not afraid of gravity, but it is in deadly fear of another force of nature. this force is called surface tension (张力). a man coming out of a bath carries with him a film of water about one fiftieth of an inch in thickness. this weights about a pound. a wet mouse has to carry its own weight in water. a wet fly has to lift many times its own weight, and, as everyone knows, a fly once wetted by water or any other liquid is in a very serious position indeed. an insect going for a drink is in as great danger as a man leaning over the edge of a cliff in search of food. if it once falls into the grip of the surface tension of the water - that is to say, gets wet it is likely to remain so until it drowns. a few insects contrive to be unwettable; the majority keep away from their drink by means of long proboscis (喙).
33. t of boiling point of liquids
when the temperature of a liquid is raised enough, the liquid boils. this means that bubbles of vapor, containing millions of molecules form below the surface. in order for such bubbles to be produced, the pressure of the vapor inside them must be equal to the pressure of the air upon the surface of the liquid. if the air pressure is greater, the bubble will collapse. the boiling point of a liquid, then, is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure upon the liquid at the surface.
34. e and contraction
solids also expand with increase in temperature and contract when cooled. but they do not behave quite so uniformly (相同地) in this respect as liquids and gases do, particularly in the case of wide variations, in temperature. most solids expend or contract by a definite amount for every degree of the temperature that rises or falls. the amount by which on substance expands and contracts for one degree is not usually the same as that for a different substance. thus, for a given rise in temperature, a piece of brass expands at little more than a piece of copper and much more than a piece of steel of the same size.
35. a of electric trains
electric trains have many advantages over those drawn by steam engines. there is no smoke to soil the passengers' clothes and the cushions in the train. because they carry no heavy loads of coal and water, these trains can start and stop with less waste of power. in a station they are silent: there's no steam to produce noise to deafen the passengers.
第五部分 阅读理解 (120分)
passage 1
in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror…the glass in the roof a green house which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.
according to a weather expert's prediction, the atmosphere will be 7oc warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. if this warming up took place, the ice capes in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth's chief food-growing zones.
in the past, concern about a man - made warming of the earth has concentrated on the arctic because the antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. but the weather experts are now paying more attention to west antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.
satellite pictures show that large areas of antarctic ice are already disappearing. the evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. this fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.
however, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. the question is. which natural cause has the most effect on the weather?
one possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. as the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different
aspects to different parts of the earth. this seems to have a considerable affect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. the sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.
scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar - weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last ice age. the problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new ice age and it is not. one way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a default of thousands of yeas while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth's climate. if this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter - balance to the suns diminishing heat.
36. it can concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ____________.
○a. prevent the sun's rays from reaching the earth's surface
○b. mean a warming up in the arctic
○c. account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
○d. raise the temperature of the earth's surface
37. the article was written to explain _________.
○a. the greenhouse effect
○b. the solar effects on the earth
○c. the models of solar-weather in traction's
○d. the causes affecting weather
38. although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. this is ________.
○a. mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising
○b. possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting
○c. exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth's climate
○d. partly due to variations in the output of solar energy
39. on the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that __________.
○a. the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
○b. it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth's climate to take effect
○c. the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects
○d. the new ice age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect
40. if the assumption about the delay of a new ice age is correct, __________.
○a. the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels
○b. ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
○c. the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly
○d. the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth
passage 2
for me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. in the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is intrinsic (内在的) and consubstantial (同体的) to man. what distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. if man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. the technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the great importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.
but even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy (第一位)and autonomy of pure knowledge. knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the utopians (空想家). let me recall a well-known example. if the greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic (圆椎形的) sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. the first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. but, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly (公正无私地).
41. the most important advances made by mankind come from __________.
○a. technical applica
tions
○b. apparently useless information
○c. the natural sciences
○d. philosophy
42. in the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss ________.
○a. the value of technical research
○b. the value of pure research
○c. philosophy
○d. unforeseen discoveries
43. the author points out that the greeks who studied conic sections __________.
○a. were mathematicians
○b. were interested in navigation
○c. were unaware of the value of their studies
○d. worked with electricity
44. the title below that best expresses the ideas of passage is __________.
○a. a little learning is a dangerous thing
○b. man's distinguishing characteristics
○c. learning for its own sake
○d. the difference between science and philosophy
45. the practical scientist __________.
○a. knows the value of what he will discover
○b. is interested in the unknown
○c. knows that the world exists
○d. conceives of contemporary life
第六部分 完形填空 (30分)
根据短文在空白处填上适当的单词，该单词的第一个字母已经给出。
electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for g____46_____ nowadays that we rarely think twice when s____47____ on the light or turn on the radio. at night, roads are brightly l____48_____, enabling people and t____49____ to move freely. neon (霓虹) lighting used in a s_____50____ has become part of the character of every modern city. in the home, many labour-saving devices are p_____51_____ by electricity.
even when we turn o______52____ the beside lamp and fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or k_____53____ our rooms air-conditioned. every day, trains, trolley-buses and trams take us to and from work. we rarely b____54____ to consider why or how they run-until something goes w____55____.
passage 1
catv is a short way of saying "community antenna (天线) television." but "cable television" is the term most people use. cable television allows viewers to receive tv programs that they cannot pick up with their regular antennas.
television signals do not follow the curve (曲线) of the earth. they travel in straight lines in all directions. signals from a tv station move toward the horizon (水平线) and then go into space. if you live only a few miles from a station, you may not get any picture at all.
catv began in 1948. people in places far from tv stations shared the cost of putting up high antennas. a community antenna was usually placed on a hill, a mountain, or on a high tower. the antenna picked up tv signals and fed them into a small local station. from the station, thick wires called cables ran out to nearby homes. each person using the cable paid a monthly charge.
catv worked well, and soon new uses were found for it. local stations could feed programs into empty channels that were not in use. people along the cable could have local news, weather reports, and farm and school news at no extra charge.
today, cable television has moved into cities. it brings in extra programs that city viewers with regular antennas cannot see. it is also used in many classrooms throughout the country.
1. from the first paragraph we know that ________.
○a. most people use cable television
○b. "community antenna" is another name for "regular antenna"
○c. a community antenna is used for cable television
○d. regular antennas cannot pick up tv signals programs
2. of the following, which is not the way tv signals travel?
○a. in a curve.
○b. in a straight line.
○c. in all direction.
○d. toward the horizon.
3. cable tv is becoming more and popular because _____________.
○a. it is free of charge
○b. it can provide more programs
○c. it provides all tv users good pictures
○d. tv sets with regular antennas can also have a good reception through catv
4. on the whole, this passage is about ________.
○a. how to put up high antennas
○b. a way of picking up better tv programs
○c. how to use the empty channels on your tv set
○d. the way that tv signals are sent
5. from the passage we can infer that __________.
○a. tv has begun to be used for educational purposes
○b. there is no charge for catv
○c. cable tv cannot be used in mountainous areas
○d. antennas for cable tv are usually put up in the center of a community
passage 2
in earliest times, men considered lightning to be one of the great mysteries of nature. some ancient people believed that lightning and thunder were the weapons of the gods.
in reality, lightning is a flow of electricity formed high above the earth. a single flash of lightning 1.6 kilometers long has enough electricity to light one million light bulbs.
the american scientist and statesman, benjamin franklin, was the first to show the connection between electricity and lightning in 1752. in the same year he also built the first lightning rod. this device protects buildings from damage by lightning.
modern science has discovered that one stroke of lighting contains more than 15 million volts. a spark between a cloud and the earth may be as long as 13 kilometers, and travel at a speed of 30 million meters per second.
scientists estimate that there are about 2000 million flashes of lightning per year. lightning hits the empire state building in new york city 30 to 48 times a year. in the united states along it kills an average of one person every day.
the safest place to be in case of an electrical storm is in a closed car. outside, one should go to low ground and not get under trees. also, one should stay out of water and away from metal fences. inside a house, people should avoid open doorways and windows and not touch wires or metal things.
with lightning, it is better to be safe than sorry!
6. lightning is really __________.
○a. weapon
○b. electricity
○c. light
○d. mystery
7. people once though that lightning came from __________.
○a. scientists
○b. ground
○c. lightning rod
○d. gods
8. one flash of lightning can produce enough electricity for ______ bulbs.
○a. 10,000
○b. 1,000
○c. 1,000,000
○d. 100
9. benjamin franklin ___________.
○a. made the first lightning rod
○b. invented electricity
○c. built the empire state building
○d. prevented lightning from hitting cars
10. _________ is the best place to be during an electrical storm.
○a. swimming pool
○b. a high ground
○c. under a tree
○d. a car
passage 3
because of the energy crisis, scientists in the oil-consuming nations have become increasingly interested
in the potential(潜在的) of solar energy. some experts estimate that the present supply of fossil (化石) fuel will not last until the end of the twentieth century. the problem that solar energy researchers face is how to harness (利用) the sun's energy effectively and inexpensively. one of the most popular methods currently being tested uses rooftop solar collectors and underground storage tanks. an advantage of a properly working system of this type is that it will not create any environmental pollution. another advantage of using solar energy is that the cost of the fuel-the sun's rays-is zero. when a solar heating system is working at maximum (最大的) efficiency, it can provide up to 80 percent of winter heating needs.
11. the main topic of this passage is __________.
○a. the shortage of fossil fuel
○b. the problems that energy researchers face
○c. an environmental pollution problem
○d. an inexpensive energy source
12. one popular solar heating system makes use of __________.
○a. roof collectors and underground storage
○b. fossil fuel conversion
○c. underground oil tanks
○d. water collection and evaporation
13. the cost of using the sun's rays for heating is ___________.
○a. about the same as the cost of fossil fuels
○b. several hundred dollars per year
○c. negligible compared with other energy sources
○d. determined by the severity of the winter
14. which of the following describes an advantage of using solar energy?
○a. there is little or no environmental pollution.
○b. a large percentage of fuel costs can be saved.
○c. fossil fuels will become more plentiful.
○d. the oil-consuming nations will not have to import oil.
15. according to some experts, the supply of fossil fuel will not last _______.
○a. one more century
○b. an indeterminable time
○c. until the end of this century
○d. indefinitely
第二部分 完成句子 (25分)
根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。
not long ago, an airplane was flying over new zealand. there was a television camera crew on board. suddenly, out in the night sky, a bright sphere (球体) came into view. everyone on board saw it and everyone though, "ufo"-unidentified flying object. the camera crew went into action and started filming. that week people all over the world saw the film of this mysterious light on their television screens. what was it? was it a spaceship full of visitors from another planet? the captain of the aeroplane and the film crew believed it was. other observers had many different explanations. some said it was venus (金星). others said it was just a trick of light.
an air traffic controller also saw it on his radar screen. he thought that a flock of birds was causing dots on his radar screen when the "ufo" appeared.
most astronomers now believe that what these people saw was almost certainly the planet venus. at that time of year it is very bright and easy to see. and from a moving aeroplane it can appear to be moving fast. so far there is no proof that ufos or spaceships from other planets do exist. these years investigators of ufos have investigated thousands of sighting-or occasions when people said they saw a ufo. ninety per cent of these turned out to have a simple explanation.
however, it's good idea to keep an open mind. scientists in some countries are trying to persuade their governments to help them study ufos. and they are planning to cooperate inter-nationally on reporting and investigating sightings of ufos.
after all, it is quite possible that there is life out there in the universe. and if something is alive, it is quite possible that it will come to visit us.
16. the captain and the camera crew believed that ufo was a v spaceship from another planet.
17. many o believed that the ufo was venus.
18. so far there is no proof that ufos are sp from outer space.
19. some scientists in the world are planning to do some r on ufos.
20. p life in the universe may try to make a visit to us.
第三部分 阅读理解 (80分)
passage 1
in recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed human life on our planet, as well as our views both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the universe as a whole. maybe one of the most profound developments of the last decade is the discovery of recombinant dna technology, which allows scientists to introduce genetic (遗传学的) material (or genes) from one organism into another. in its simplest form, the technology requires the isolation of a piece of dna, either directly from the dna of the organism under study, or artificially synthesized from an dna. this piece of dna is then ligated (结扎) to a fragment of bacterial dna which has the capacity to replicate (复制) itself independently. the recombinant molecule thus produced can be introduced into the common intestinal (内部的) bacterium escheris
hchia coli, which can be grown in very large amounts in synthetic media. under proper conditions, the foreign gene will not only replicate in the bacteria, but also express itself, through the process of transcription and translation, to give rise to large amounts of the specific protein coded by the foreign gene.
the technology has already been successfully applied to the production of several therapeutically (疗法的) important biomolecules, such as, growth hormones, interferon, insulin.
many other important applications are under detailed investigation in laboratories throughout the world.
21. recombinant dna technology consists primarily of ____________.
○a. producing several therapeutically important biomolecules
○b. giving rise to large amounts of protein
○c. introducing genetic material from one organism into another
○d. using a viral enzyme called reverse transcriptase
22. recombinant dna technology has been used in the production of all of the following biomolecules except ___________.
○a. growth hormones
○b. escherishchia coli
○c. interferon
○d. insulin
23. which of the following is not true?
○a. the foreign gene will replicate in the bacteria, but it will not express itself through transcription and translation.
○b. the bacterium escherishchia coli can be grown in large amounts in synthetic media.
○c. research continues in an effort to find other uses for this technology.
○d. recombinant dna technology is a recent development.
24. expression of a gene in escherishchia coli requires ________.
○a. the viral enzyme reverse transcriptase
○b. the processes of transcription and translation
○c. production of insulin and other biomolecules
○d. that the bacteria be grown in a synthetic media
25. the term recombinant is used because ___________.
○a. by ligation, a recombinant molecule is produced, which has the capacity of replication
○b. the technique requires the combination of several types of technology
○c. by ligation, a recombinant protein is produced, part of whose amino acids come from different organism
○d. escherishchia coli is a recombinant organism
passage 2
watch a baby between six and nine months old, and you will observe the basic concepts of geometry being learned. once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three - dimensional, it reaches out and begins grasping various kinds of objects. it is then, from perhaps nine to fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers are formed. so far, so good. but now ominous (不祥的) development takes place. the nerve fibers in the brain insulate (使隔离) themselves in such a way that the baby begins to hear sounds very precisely. soon it picks up language, and it is then brought into direct communication with adults. from this point on, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of the community into which it has been so unfortunate as to have been born. nature having done very well by the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of to this point, having permitted it the luxury of thinking for itself for eighteen months, now abandons it to the arbitrary conventions and beliefs of society. but at least the child knows something of geometry and numbers, and it will always retain some memory of the early halcyon (平静的) days no matter what vicissitudes (变化) it may suffer later on. the main reservoir of mathematical talent in any society is thus possessed by children who are about two years old. children who have just learned to speak fluently.
26. what does the passage mainly discuss?
○a. the impact of language on mathematics.
○b. children's ability to learn languages.
○c. how basic concepts of physics are learned.
○d. math-learning strategies for babies.
27. according to the passage, which of following activities would teach a baby geometry?
○a. picking up a wooden block.
○b. recognizing the number 2.
○c. uttering a nonsense word.
○d. looking at distant objects.
28. according to the author, at what age does a child probably begin to learn about sets and numbers?
○a. six months.
○b. nine months.
○c. fifteen months.
○d. eighteen months.
29. the use of the word "ominous" shows that the author believe the child's _____.
○a. linguistic future is threatened
○b. nerves will deteriorate
○c. hearing will suffer
○d. mathematical ability all decline
30. the passage support which of the following conclusions?
○a. the language concepts used in early education interfere with mathematical reasoning.
○b. it is hopeless to try to teach children mathematics after the age of two.
○c. language teaching should incorporate some mathematical formulas.
○d. preschool education should st
ress society's beliefs and conventions
第四部分 概括大意 (20分)
给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或几个单词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。
31. the solar e
the sun is the source of most of the heat known to us. as a direct source of heat, the sun maintains life upon this planet, 150 000 000 kilometers distant. it is also an indirect source of heat. since the earth is derived from the sun, it is the latter that we must trace some of the earth's internal heat that reveals itself through volcanoes, geysers (喷泉), and hot springs.
32. insects and surface t
an insect is not afraid of gravity, but it is in deadly fear of another force of nature. this force is called surface tension (张力). a man coming out of a bath carries with him a film of water about one fiftieth of an inch in thickness. this weights about a pound. a wet mouse has to carry its own weight in water. a wet fly has to lift many times its own weight, and, as everyone knows, a fly once wetted by water or any other liquid is in a very serious position indeed. an insect going for a drink is in as great danger as a man leaning over the edge of a cliff in search of food. if it once falls into the grip of the surface tension of the water - that is to say, gets wet it is likely to remain so until it drowns. a few insects contrive to be unwettable; the majority keep away from their drink by means of long proboscis (喙).
33. t of boiling point of liquids
when the temperature of a liquid is raised enough, the liquid boils. this means that bubbles of vapor, containing millions of molecules form below the surface. in order for such bubbles to be produced, the pressure of the vapor inside them must be equal to the pressure of the air upon the surface of the liquid. if the air pressure is greater, the bubble will collapse. the boiling point of a liquid, then, is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure upon the liquid at the surface.
34. e and contraction
solids also expand with increase in temperature and contract when cooled. but they do not behave quite so uniformly (相同地) in this respect as liquids and gases do, particularly in the case of wide variations, in temperature. most solids expend or contract by a definite amount for every degree of the temperature that rises or falls. the amount by which on substance expands and contracts for one degree is not usually the same as that for a different substance. thus, for a given rise in temperature, a piece of brass expands at little more than a piece of copper and much more than a piece of steel of the same size.
35. a of electric trains
electric trains have many advantages over those drawn by steam engines. there is no smoke to soil the passengers' clothes and the cushions in the train. because they carry no heavy loads of coal and water, these trains can start and stop with less waste of power. in a station they are silent: there's no steam to produce noise to deafen the passengers.
第五部分 阅读理解 (120分)
passage 1
in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror…the glass in the roof a green house which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.
according to a weather expert's prediction, the atmosphere will be 7oc warmer in the year 2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. if this warming up took place, the ice capes in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres and severely flooding coastal cities. also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to great changes in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of the earth's chief food-growing zones.
in the past, concern about a man - made warming of the earth has concentrated on the arctic because the antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. but the weather experts are now paying more attention to west antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning of fuels.
satellite pictures show that large areas of antarctic ice are already disappearing. the evidence available suggests that a warming has taken place. this fits the theory that carbon dioxide warms the earth.
however, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to be falling. scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather have exceeded those caused by man. the question is. which natural cause has the most effect on the weather?
one possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. astronomers at one research station have studied the hot spots and "cold" spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. as the sun rotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or "colder" faces to the earth, and different
aspects to different parts of the earth. this seems to have a considerable affect on the distribution of the earth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. the sun is also variable over a long term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.
scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar - weather interactions and the actual climate over many thousands of years, including the last ice age. the problem is that the models are predicting that the world should be entering a new ice age and it is not. one way of solving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a default of thousands of yeas while the solar effects overcome the inertia (惯性) of the earth's climate. if this is right, the warming effect of carbon dioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter - balance to the suns diminishing heat.
36. it can concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would ____________.
○a. prevent the sun's rays from reaching the earth's surface
○b. mean a warming up in the arctic
○c. account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere
○d. raise the temperature of the earth's surface
37. the article was written to explain _________.
○a. the greenhouse effect
○b. the solar effects on the earth
○c. the models of solar-weather in traction's
○d. the causes affecting weather
38. although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures there seem to be falling. this is ________.
○a. mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising
○b. possibly because the ice caps in the poles are melting
○c. exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth's climate
○d. partly due to variations in the output of solar energy
39. on the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that __________.
○a. the climate of the world should be becoming cooler
○b. it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth's climate to take effect
○c. the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects
○d. the new ice age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect
40. if the assumption about the delay of a new ice age is correct, __________.
○a. the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to burn more fuels
○b. ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere
○c. the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even more quickly
○d. the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earth
passage 2
for me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. in the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is intrinsic (内在的) and consubstantial (同体的) to man. what distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. if man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. the technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the great importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.
but even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy (第一位)and autonomy of pure knowledge. knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the utopians (空想家). let me recall a well-known example. if the greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic (圆椎形的) sections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. the first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life. pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. but, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly (公正无私地).
41. the most important advances made by mankind come from __________.
○a. technical applica
tions
○b. apparently useless information
○c. the natural sciences
○d. philosophy
42. in the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss ________.
○a. the value of technical research
○b. the value of pure research
○c. philosophy
○d. unforeseen discoveries
43. the author points out that the greeks who studied conic sections __________.
○a. were mathematicians
○b. were interested in navigation
○c. were unaware of the value of their studies
○d. worked with electricity
44. the title below that best expresses the ideas of passage is __________.
○a. a little learning is a dangerous thing
○b. man's distinguishing characteristics
○c. learning for its own sake
○d. the difference between science and philosophy
45. the practical scientist __________.
○a. knows the value of what he will discover
○b. is interested in the unknown
○c. knows that the world exists
○d. conceives of contemporary life
第六部分 完形填空 (30分)
根据短文在空白处填上适当的单词，该单词的第一个字母已经给出。
electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for g____46_____ nowadays that we rarely think twice when s____47____ on the light or turn on the radio. at night, roads are brightly l____48_____, enabling people and t____49____ to move freely. neon (霓虹) lighting used in a s_____50____ has become part of the character of every modern city. in the home, many labour-saving devices are p_____51_____ by electricity.
even when we turn o______52____ the beside lamp and fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or k_____53____ our rooms air-conditioned. every day, trains, trolley-buses and trams take us to and from work. we rarely b____54____ to consider why or how they run-until something goes w____55____.