GMAT阅读 ——（2）_GMAT
牐 between the eighth and eleventh centuries a.d., the
燘yzantine empire staged an almost unparalleled
爀conomic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the
爉ore striking because it followed a long period of severe
(5) internal decline. by the early eighth century, the empire
爃ad lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had
爌ossessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was
燽eing raided by arabs and bulgarians, who at times
爐hreatened to take constantinople and extinguish the
(10) empire altogether. the wealth of the state and its
subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary
production had virtually ceased. by the early eleventh
燾entury, however, the empire had regained almost half of
爄ts lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its
(15) influence extended far beyond its borders. the economy
had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scho-
larship had advanced.
牐燭o consider the byzantine military, cultural, and
爀conomic advances as differentiated aspects of a single
(20) phenomenon is reasonable. after all, these three forms
of progress have gone together in a number of states and
civilizations. rome under augustus and fifth-century
athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity.
moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential
(25) connections among military, economic, and cultural
forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of
historical change.
燭he common explanation of these apparent conn-
ections in the case of byzantium would run like this:
(30) when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its
own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy
territory, byzantine resources naturally expanded and
more money became available to patronize art and lit-
erature. therefore, byzantine military achievements led to
(35) economic advances
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a, which in turn led to cultural revival.
牐 no doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times
during the course of the recovery. yet it is not clear that
military advances invariably came first. economic
advances second, and intellectual advances third. in the
(40) 860’s the byzantine empire began to recover from arab
incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the
abbasid caliphate had been permanently altered in the
empire’s favor. the beginning of the empire’s economic
revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830.
(45) finally, the byzantine revival of learning appears to
have begun even earlier. a number of notable scholars
and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of
the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a
revival that lasted until the fall of constantinople in
(50) 1453.thus the commonly expected order of military
revival followed by economic and then by cultural
recovery was reversed in byzantium. in fact, the revival
of byzantine learning may itself have influenced the
subsequent economic and military expansion.
1. which of the following best states the central idea of
牐爐he passage?
(a) the byzantine empire was a unique case in
牐牐爓hich the usual order of military and economic
牐牐爎evival preceding cultural revival was reversed.
(b) the economic, cultural, and military revival in the
牐 byzantine empire between the eighth and
牐 eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the
牐 sequence of revivals in augustan rome and fifth-
牐 century athens.
(c) after 810 byzantine economic recovery spurred a
牐 military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted
牐 until 1453.
(d) the eighth-century revival of byzantine learning
is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic
and military precursors have yet to be discovered.
(e) the revival of the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 abyzantine empire between the
牐 eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural
牐 rebirth preceding economic and military revival,
牐 the reverse of the commonly accepted order of
牐 progress.
2. the primary purpose of the second paragraph is
which of the following?
(a) to establish the uniqueness of the byzantine
牐 revival
(b) to show that augustan rome and fifth-century
牐 athens are examples of cultural, economic, and
牐 military expansion against which all subsequent
牐 cases must be measured(c) to suggest that cultural, economic. and military
牐 advances have tended to be closely interrelated in <
...
br>牐 different societies.
(d) to argue that, while the revivals of augustan牐牐
牐 rome and fifth-century athens were similar, they
牐 are unrelated to other historical examples
(e) to indicate that, wherever possible, historians
牐 should seek to make comparisons with the
牐 earliest chronological examples of revival
3. it can be inferred from the passage that by the
爀leventh century the byzantine military forces
(a) had reached their peak and begun to decline
(b) had eliminated the bulgarian army
(c) were comparable in size to the army of rome
牐 under augustus
(d) were strong enough to withstand the abbasid
牐 caliphate’s military forces
(e) had achieved control of byzantine governmental
牐 structures
4. it can be inferred from the passage that the byzantine
燛mpire sustained significant territorial losses
(a) in 600
(b) during the seventh century
(c) a century after the cultural achievements of the
牐 byzantine empire had been lost
(d) soon after the revival of byzantine learning
(e) in the century after 873
5. in the third paragraph, the author most probably
爌rovides an explanation of the apparent connections
燼mong economic, military, and cultural development
爄n orde
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ar to
(a) suggest that the process of revival in byzantium
牐 accords with this model
(b) set up an order of events that is then shown to be
牐 not generally applicable to the case of byzantium
(c) cast aspersions on traditional historical
牐 scholarship about byzantium
(d) suggest that byzantium represents a case for
牐 which no historical precedent exists
(e) argue that military conquest is the paramount
牐 element in the growth of empires
6. which of the following does the author mention as
燾rucial evidence concerning the manner in which
牐牐爐he byzantine revival began?
(a) the byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to
牐爀conomic and cultural advances.
(b) the byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.
(c) the byzantine economic recovery began in the
牐牐900’s.
(d) the revival of byzantine learning began toward
牐牐爐he end of the eighth century.
(e) by the early eleventh century the byzantine
牐 empire had regained much of its lost territory.
7. according to the author, “the common explanation”
(line 28) of connections between economic, military,
燼nd cultural development is
(a) revolutionary and too new to have been applied
牐 to the history of the byzantine empire
(b) reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature
牐 of progress
(c) not applicable to the byzantine revival as a whole,
牐 but does perhaps accurately describe limited
牐 periods during the revival
(d) equally applicable to the byzantine case as a
牐 whole and to the history of military, economic,
牐 and cultural advances in ancient greece and
牐 rome
(e) essentially not helpful, because military, economic,
牐 and cultural advances are part of a single
牐 phenomenon
passage 8
virtually everything astronomers known about objects
爋utside the solar system is based on the detection of
爌hotons-q
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 auanta of electromagnetic radiation. yet there
爄s another form of radiation that permeates the universe:
(5) neutrinos. with (as its name implies) no electric charge,
燼nd negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other
爌articles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire
爑niverse, even traversing substantial aggregations of
爉atter, without being absorbed or even deflected. neu-
(10) trinos can thus escape from regions of space where light
and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked
by matter. furthermore, neutrinos carry with them
information about the site and circumstances of their
production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos
(15) could provide new information about a wide variety of
cosmic phenomena and about the history of the uni-
verse.
燘ut how can scientists detect a particle that interacts
so infrequently with other matter? twenty-five years
(20) passed between pauli’s hypothesis that the neutrino
existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all
research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created
artificially in large particle accelerators and studied
under neutrino microscopes. but a neutrino telescope,
(25) capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to
...
co-
nstruct. no apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is
extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous
with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons),
and the more massive the detector, the greater the pro-
(30) bability of one of its nucleon’s reacting with a neutrino.
in addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded
from the interfering effects of other particles.
牐 fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed
a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the
(35) mass of the ocean. named dumand, for deep under-
water muon and neutrino detector, the project call
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 as for
placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilo-
meters under the ocean surface. the detecting medium is
the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a
(40)particle in an atom of seawater. the result is a cascade of
electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can
be detected by the sensors. the five kilometers of sea-
water above the sensors will shield them from the interf-
ering effects of other high-energy particles raining down
(45) through the atmosphere.
燭he strongest motivation for the dumand project
is that it will exploit an important source of information
about the universe. the extension of astronomy from
visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays
(50) never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects
such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. each of
these discoveries came as a surprise. neutrino astronomy
will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.
1. which of the following titles best summarizes the
牐爌assage as a whole?
(a) at the threshold of neutrino astronomy
(b) neutrinos and the history of the universe
(c) the creation and study of neutrinos
(d) the dumand system and how it works
(e) the properties of the neutrino
2. with which of the following statements regarding
neutrino astronomy would the author be most likely
to agree?
(a) neutrino astronomy will supersede all present
牐 forms of astronomy.
(b) neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the
牐 dumand project fails.
(c) neutrino astronomy can be expected to lead to
牐 major breakthroughs in astronomy.
(d) neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena that
牐 will be more surprising than past discoveries.
(e) neutrino astronomy will always be characterized
牐 by a large time lag between hypothesis and
experimental confirmation.
3. in the las
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 at paragraph, the author describes the
development of astronomy in order to
(a) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino
牐燼stronomy can be seen as part of a series of
牐牐 astronomical successes
(b) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific discovery
(c) demonstrate the effectiveness of the dumand
牐牐燼pparatus in detecting neutrinos
(d) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino
牐牐燼stronomy will illuminate
(e) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers with
牐牐爐hat of the astrophysicists working on the
牐牐燚umand project
4.according to the passage, one advantage that neutrinos
have for studies in astronomy is that they
(a) have been detected for the last twenty-five years
(b) possess a variable electric charge (c) are usually extremely massive
(d) carry information about their history with them
(e) are very similar to other electromagnetic particles
5. according to the passage, the primary use of the
燼pparatus mentioned in lines 24-32 would be to
(a) increase the mass of a neutrino(b) interpret the information neutrinos carry with them(c) study the internal structure of a neutrino
(d) see neutrinos in distant regions of space
(e) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos
6. the passage states that interactions between neutrinos
燼nd other matter are
(a) rare
(b) artificial
(c) undetectable
(d) unpredictable
(e) hazardous
7. the passage mentions which of the following as a
爎eason that neutrinos are hard to detect?
(a) their pervasiveness in the universe(b) their ability to escape from different regions of
牐 space
(c) their inability to penetrate dense matter
(d) the similarity of their structure to that of nucleons
(e) the infrequency of their interaction with other
牐 matter
8. according to the passage, the interaction of a neutrino
爓ith oth
...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aer matter can produce
(a) particles that are neutral and massive
(b) a form of radiation that permeates the universe
(c) inaccurate information about the site and
牐 circumstances of the neutrino’s production
(d) charged particles and light
(e) a situation in which light and other forms of
牐 electromagnetic radiation are blocked
9. according to the passage, one of the methods used to
establish the properties of neutrinos was
(a) detection of photons
(b) observation of the interaction of neutrinos with
牐 gamma rays
(c) observation of neutrinos that were artificially
牐 created
(d) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with
牐 particles of seawater
(e) experiments with electromagnetic radiation
passage 9
牐牐 most economists in the united states seem
captivated by the spell of the free market. conse-
quently, nothing seems good or normal that does
not accord with the requirements of the free market.
(5) a price that is determined by the seller or, for
that matter, established by anyone other than the
aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. accord-
ingly, it requires a major act of will to think of
price-fixing (the determination of prices by the
(10) seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable
economic function. in fact, price-fixing is normal
in all industrialized societies because the indus-
trial system itself provides, as an effortless conse-
quence of its own development, the price-fixing
(15) that it requires. modern industrial planning
requires and rewards great size. hence,
a comparatively small number of large firms will
be competing for the same group of consumers.
that each large firm will act with consideration of
(20) its own needs and thus avoid selling its products
for more than its competitors charge is commonly
recognized by advocates of free-market economic
theories
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a. but each large firm will also act with
full consideration of the needs that it has in
(25) common with the other large firms competing for
the same customers. each large firm will thus
avoid significant price-cutting, because price-
cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest
in a stable demand for products. most economists
(30) do not see price-fixing when it occurs because
they expect it to be brought about by a number of
explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.
牐牐 moreover, those economists who argue that
allowing the free market to operate without inter-
(35) ference is the most efficient method of establishing
prices have not considered the economies of non-
socialist countries other than the united states.
these economies employ intentional price-fixing,
usually in an overt fashion. formal price-fixing
(40) by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements
covering the members of an industry are common-
place. were there something peculiarly efficient
about the free market and inefficient about price-
fixing, the countries that have avoided the first
(45) and used the second would have suffered drastically
in their economic development. there is no indica-
tion that they have.
socialist industry also works within a frame-
work of controlled prices. in the early 1970’s,
(50) the soviet union began to give firms and industries
some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a
more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist
system. economists in the united states have
hailed the change as a return to the free market.
(55) but soviet firms are no more subject to prices
established by a free market over which they
exercise little influence than are capitalist firms;
rather, soviet firms have been given the power to
fix prices.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) refute th
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ae theory that the free market plays a
useful role in the development of industrialized
societies
(b) suggest methods by which economists and members
of the government of the united states can
recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms
(c) show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and
the operation of the free market are not only
compatible but also mutually beneficial
(d) explain the various ways in which industrialized
societies can fix prices in
...
order to stabilize the free牐
market
(e) argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an
inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any
industrialized society
2. the passage provides information that would answer
which of the following questions about price-fixing?
Ⅰ.what are some of the ways in which prices can be
牐爁ixed?
Ⅱ. for what products is price-fixing likely to be more
牐爌rofitable that the operation of the free market?
Ⅲ.is price-fixing more common in socialist
industrialized societies or in nonsocialist
industrialized societies?
(a) Ⅰonly(b) Ⅲ only (c) Ⅰand Ⅱonly
(d) Ⅱand Ⅲ only
(e) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
3. the author’s attitude toward “most economists in the
燯nited states”(line 1) can best be described as
(a) spiteful and envious
(b) scornful and denunciatory
(c) critical and condescending
(d) ambivalent but deferential
(e) uncertain but interested
4. it can be inferred from the author’s argument that a
爌rice fixed by the seller “seems pernicious”(line 7)
燽ecause
(a) people do not have confidence in large firms
(b) people do not expect the government to
牐 regulate prices
(c) most economists believe that consumers as a
牐 group should determine prices
(d) most economists associate fixed prices with
牐 communist and socialist economies
(e) most economists believe that no one group
牐 should dete
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 armine prices
5. the suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in
industrialized societies is normal arises from the
author’s statement that price-fixing is
(a) a profitable result of economic development
(b) an inevitable result of the industrial system
(c) the result of a number of carefully organized
牐 decisions
(d) a phenomenon common to industrialized and牐牐
牐爊onindustrialized societies
(e) a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by
government and industry
6. according to the author, price-fixing in nonsocialist
燾ountries is often
(a) accidental but productive
(b) illegal but useful
(c) legal and innovative
(d) traditional and rigid
(e) intentional and widespread
7. according to the author, what is the result of the soviet
燯nion’s change in economic policy in the 1970’s
(a) soviet firms show greater profit.
(b) soviet firms have less control over the free market.
(c) soviet firms are able to adjust to tech nological
牐 advances.
(d) soviet firms have some authority to fix prices.
(e) soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.
8. with which of the following statements regarding the
燽ehavior of large firms in industrialized societies
爓ould the author be most likely to agree?
(a) the directors of large firms will continue to
牐 anticipate the demand for products
(b) the directors of large firms are less interested in
燼chieving a predictable level of profit than in
燼chieving a large profit.
(c) the directors of large firms will strive to reduce the
牐牐燾osts of their products
(d) many directors of large firms believe that the
爂overnment should establish the prices that will be
燾harged for products
(e) many directors of large firms believe that the price
牐 charged for products is likely to increase annually.
9. in the passage, the author is pr
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aimarily concerned with
(a) predicting the consequences of a practice
(b) criticizing a point of view
(c) calling attention to recent discoveries
(d) proposing a topic for research
(e) summarizing conflicting opinions
passage 10
牐牐燙affeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called
“the most widely used psychoactive substance on earth .”
synder, daly and bruns have recently proposed that
caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in
(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called
燼denosine. adenosine normally depresses neuron firing
爄n many areas of the brain. it apparently does this by
爄nhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals
爐hat carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.
(10) like many other agents that affect neuron firing,
adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes. there are at least two classes
of these receptors, which have been designated a1 and
a2. snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc-
(15)爐urally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types
of rec
...
eptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching
there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than
they otherwise would.
for many years, caffeine’s effects have been attri-
(20)燽uted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi-
esterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical
called cyclic amp.a number of neurotransmitters exert
their effects by first increasing cyclic amp concentra-
tions in target neurons. therefore, prolonged periods at
(25)爐he elevated concentrations, as might be brought about
by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater
amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-
ioral stimulation. but snyder et al point out that the
caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production
(30)爋f phosphodiesterase in
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 athe brain are much higher than
those that produce stimulation. moreover, other com-
pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not
stimulants.
燭o buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre-
(35)爒enting adenosine binding, snyder et al compared the
stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with
their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in
the brains of mice. “in general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors
(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in
the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the
receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-
tion.” theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine
and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most
(45) effective compounds in both regards.
牐 there were some apparent exceptions to the general
correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding
and stimulation. one of these was a compound called
3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(ibmx), which bound very
(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. snyder
et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to
their hypothesis. the problem is that the compound has
mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with
psychoactive drugs. even caffeine, which is generally
(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this
property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low
concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon
牐 that is not yet fully understood
(b) present two explanations of a phenomenon and
牐 reconcile the differences between them
(c) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory
牐 that overcomes the problems encountered in the first
牐 two
(d) describe an alternat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aive hypothesis and provide
牐 evidence and arguments that support it
(e) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the
牐 inconsistencies and contradictions in it
2. which of the following, if true, would most weaken the
theory proposed by snyder et al?
(a) at very low concentrations in the human brain. both
牐 caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive
牐 rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.
(b) the ability of caffeine derivatives at very low
牐 concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its
牐 receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their
牐 ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low
牐 concentrations
(c) the concentration of cyclic amp in target neurons
牐 in the human brain that leads to increased neuron
牐 firing can be produced by several different
牐 phosphodi esterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.
(d) the concentration of caffeine required to dislodge
牐 adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is
牐 much greater than the concentration that produces
牐 behavioral stimulation in humans.
(e) the concentration of ibmx required to dislodge
牐 adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much
牐 smaller than the concentration that stimulates
牐 locomotion in the mouse.
3. according so snyder et al, caffeine differs from
燼denosine in that caffeine
(a) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans,
牐 whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans
牐 only
(b) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine
牐 has only a stimulatory effect
(c) increases cyclic amp concentrations in target
牐 neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such
牐 concentrations
...
(d) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is
牐 bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine
牐 inhibits such release
(e) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of
牐 concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine
牐 inhibits only neuron firing
4. in response to experimental results concerning ibmx,
燬nyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for
爌sychoactive drugs to have
(a) mixed effects in the brain
(b) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain
(c) close structural relationships with caffeine
(d) depressive effects on mouse locomotion
(e) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors
牐 in the brain
5. the passage suggests that snyder et al believe that if the
爋lder theory concerning caffeine’s effects were correct,
爓hich of the following would have to be the case?
Ⅰ.all neurotransmitters would increase the short-term
牐燾oncentration of cyclic amp in target neurons.
Ⅱ.substances other than caffeine that inhibit the
牐爌roduction of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants.
Ⅲ.all concentration levels of caffeine that are high
enough to produce stimulation would also inhibit the
production of phosphodiesterase.
(a) Ⅰ only
(b) Ⅰ and Ⅱ only
(c) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(d) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(e) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
6. according to snyder et al, all of the following
燾ompounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain
燛xcept
(a) ibmx
(b) caffeine
(c) adenosine
(d) theophylline
(e) phosphodiesterase
7. snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to a1
燼nd a2 receptors can be at least partially attributed to
爓hich of the following?
(a) the chemical relationship between caffeine and
牐 phosphodiesterase
(b) the structural relationship between caffeine and
牐 adenosine
(c) the structural similarity between caffeine and
牐牐爊eurotransmitters
(d) the ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior
(e) the natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in
牐 the brain
8. the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aauthor quotes snyder et al in lines 38-43 most
probably in order to
(a) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their
牐 theory
(b) summarize a major finding of their experiments
(c) point out that their experiments were limited to the
牐 mouse
(d) indicate that their experiments resulted only in
牐 general correlations
(e) refute the objections made by supporters of the older
牐 theory
9. the last paragraph of the passage performs which of the
爁ollowing functions?
(a) describes a disconfirming experimental result
牐 and reports the explanation given by snyder et al in
牐 an attempt to reconcile this result with their theory.
(b) specifies the basis for the correlation observed by
牐 snyder et al and presents an explanation in an
牐 attempt to make the correlation consistent with the
牐 operation of psychoactive drugs other than caffeine.
(c) elaborates the description of the correlation
牐 observed by snyder et al and suggests an additional
牐 explanation in an attempt to make the correlation
牐 consistent with the older theory.
(d) reports inconsistent experimental data and
牐 describes the method snyder et al will use to
牐 reanalyze this data.
(e) provides an example of the hypothesis proposed by
牐 snyder et al and relates this example to caffeine’s
牐 properties.
passage 11
牐 archaeology as a profession faces two major prob-
lems. first, it is the poorest of the poor. only paltry
sums are available for excavating and even less is avail-
able for publishing the results and preserving the sites
(5)爋nce excavated. yet archaeologists deal with priceless
objects every day. second, there is the problem of illegal
excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being
sold to the highest bidder.
牐牐營 would like to make an outrageous suggestion that
(10) would at one stroke provide funds
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 afor archaeology and
reduce the amount of illegal digging. i would propose
that scientific archeological expeditions and govern-
mental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open
market. such sales would provide substantial funds for
(15) the excavation and preservation of ar
[7] ...
chaeological sites
and the publication of results. at the same time, they
would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market,
thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal
activities.
(20) you might object that professionals excavate to
acquire knowledge, not money. moreover, ancient arti-
facts are part of our global cultural heritage, which
should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the
highest bidder. i agree. sell nothing that has unique
(25) artistic merit or scientific value. but, you might reply,
everything that comes our of the ground has scientific
value. here we part company. theoretically, you may be
correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scien-
tific value. practically, you are wrong.
(30) i refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient
lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. in
one small excavation in cyprus, archaeologists recently
uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in
a single courtyard, even precious royal seal impressions
(35) known as/melekh handles have been found in abun-
dance---more than 4,000 examples so far.
the basements of museums are simply not large
enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discov-
ered in the future. there is not enough money even to
(40) catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found
again and become as inaccessible as if they had never
been discovered. indeed, with the help of a computer,
sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the
pieces stored in bulging museum basements. prior to
(45) sale, e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aach could be photographed and the list of the
purchasers could be maintained on the computer a
purchaser could even be required to agree to return the
piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.
it would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging
(50) would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market.
but the demand for the clandestine product would be
substantially reduced. who would want an unmarked
pot when another was available whose provenance was
known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the
professional archaeologist who excavated it?
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to propose
(a) an alternative to museum display of artifacts
(b) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the
牐 archaeological profession
(c) a way to distinguish artifacts with scientific value
牐 from those that have no such value
(d) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites
(e) a new system for cataloguing duplicate artifacts
2. the author implies that all of the following statements
燼bout duplicate artifacts are true except:
(a) a market for such artifacts already exists.
(b) such artifacts seldom have scientific value.
(c) there is likely to be a continuing supply of such
牐 artifacts.
(d) museums are well supplied with examples of such
牐 artifacts.
(e) such artifacts frequently exceed in quality those
牐 already catalogued in museum collections.
3. which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a
燿isadvantage of storing artifacts in museum
燽asements?
(a) museum officials rarely allow scholars access to
牐 such artifacts.
(b) space that could be better used for display is taken
牐 up for storage.
(c) artifacts discovered in one excavation often become
牐 separated from each other.
(d) such artifacts are often damaged by variations in
牐 temperature
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aand humidity.
(e) such artifacts’ often remain uncatalogued and thus
牐 cannot be located once they are put in storage.
4. the author mentions the excavation in cyprus (lines
31-34) to emphasize which of the following points?
(a) ancient lamps and pottery vessels are less valuable,
牐 although more rare, than royal seal impressions.
(b) artifacts that are very similar to each other present
牐 cataloguing difficulties to archaeologists.
(c) artifacts that are not uniquely valuable, and
牐 therefore could be sold, are available in large
牐牐爍uantities.
(d) cyprus is the most important location for unearthing
牐牐爈arge quantities of salable artifacts.
(e) illegal sales of duplicate artifacts are wide-spread,
牐 particularly on the island of cyprus.
5. the author’s argument concerning the effect of the
爋fficial sale of duplicate artifacts on illegal excavation
爄s based on w
[8] ...
hich of the following assumptions?
(a) prospective purchasers would prefer to buy
牐 authenticated artifacts.
(b) the price of illegally excavated artifacts would rise.
(c) computers could be used to trace sold artifacts.
(d) illegal excavators would be forced to sell only
牐 duplicate artifacts.
(e) money gained from selling authenticated artifacts
燾ould be used to investigate and prosecute illegal
爀xcavators.
6. the author anticipates which of the following initial
爋bjections to the adoption of his proposal?
(a) museum officials will become unwilling to store
牐燼rtifacts.
(b) an oversupply of salable artifacts will result and the
牐燿emand for them will fall.
(c) artifacts that would have been displayed in public
牐爌laces will be sold to private collectors.
(d) illegal excavators will have an even larger supply of
牐燼rtifacts for resale.
(e) counterfeiting of artifacts will become more
牐燾ommonplace.
7. the auth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 aor implies that which of the following would
爋ccur if duplicate artifacts were sold on the open
爉arket?
Ⅰ.illegal excavation would eventually cease
牐燾ompletely.
Ⅱ.cyprus would become the primary source of
牐爉arketable duplicate artifacts
Ⅲ.archaeologists would be able to publish the
results of their excavations more frequently
than they currently do.
(a) Ⅰonly牐牐
(b) Ⅲ only
(c) Ⅰand Ⅱonly牐
(d) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(e) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ
passage 12
牐 federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the
1960’s when the small business administration (sba)
began making federally guaranteed loans and govern-
ment-sponsored management and technical assistance
(5) available to minority business enterprises. while this
program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to
form new businesses, the results were disappointing,
since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations,
and capital shortages led to high failure rates. even 15
(10) years after the program was implemented, minority牐牐
燽usiness receipts were not quite two percent of the national
爀conomy’s total receipts.
牐牐燫ecently federal policymakers have adopted an
approach intended to accelerate development of the
(15) minority business sector by moving away from directly
aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting
larger, growth-oriented minority firms through interme-
diary companies. in this approach, large corporations
participate in the development of successful and stable
(20) minority businesses by making use of government-
sponsored venture capital. the capital is used by a
participating company to establish a minority enterprise
small business investment company or mesbic. the
mesbic then provides capital and guidance to minority
(25) businesses that have potential to become future suppliers
or customers of the sponsoring company.
me
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 asbic’s are the result of the belief that providing
established firms with easier access to relevant manage-
ment techniques and more job-specific experience, as
(30) well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms
a greater opportunity to develop sound business founda-
tions than does simply making general management
experience and small amounts of capital available.
further, since potential markets for the minority busi-
(35) nesses already exist through the sponsoring companies,
the minority businesses face considerably less risk in
terms of location and market fluctuation. following
early financial and operating problems, sponsoring
corporations began to capitalize mesbic’s far above
(40) the legal minimum of $500,000 in order to generate
sufficient income and to sustain the quality of manage-
ment needed. mesbic’c are now emerging as increas-
ingly important financing sources for minority enter-
prises.
(45)營ronically, mesbic staffs, which usually consist of
hispanic and black professionals, tend to approach
investments in minority firms more pragmatically than
do many mesbic directors, who are usually senior
managers from sponsoring corporations. the latter
(50) often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsi-
bility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are
riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria
would warrant. such differences in viewpoint have pro-
duced uneasiness among many minority staff members,
(55) who feel that minority entrepreneu
[9] ...
rs and businesses
should be judged by established business considerations.
these staff members believe their point of view is closer
to the original philosophy of mesbic’s and they are
concerned that, unless a more prudent course is fol-
lowed, mesbic directors may revert to policies likely to re-create the disappointing results of the origi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 anal sba
approach.
1. which of the following best states the central idea of
the passage?
(a) the use of mesbic’s for aiding minority
牐 entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for
牐 success than does the original sba approach.
(b) there is a crucial difference in point of view
牐 between the staff and directors of some mesbic’s.
(c) after initial problems with management and
marketing, minority businesses have begun to
expand at a steady rate.
(d) minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new
businesses now have several equally successful
federal programs on which to rely.
(e) for the first time since 1960, large corporations are
making significant contributions to the development
of minority businesses.
2. according to the passage, the mesbic approach
燿iffers from the sba approach in that mesbic’s
(a) seek federal contracts to provide markets
牐爁or minority businesses
(b) encourage minority businesses to provide markets
牐爁or other minority businesses
(c) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the
牐 minority business sector
(d) rely on the participation of large corporations to
牐爁inance minority businesses
(e) select minority businesses on the basis of their
location
3. which of the following does the author cite to support
the conclusion that the results of the sba program
were disappointing?
(a) the small number of new minority enterprises
牐 formed as a result of the program
(b) the small number of minority enterprises that took
advantage of the management and technical
assistance offiered under the program
(c) the small percentage of the nation’s business
receipts earned by minority enterprises following
the programs, implementation.
(d) the small percentage of recipient minority
牐爀nterprises that were able to repay federally
牐爂uaranteed loans made unde
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 ar the program
(e) the small number of minority enterprises that
牐燾hose to participate in the program
4. which of the following statements about the sba
program can be inferred from the passage?
(a) the maximum term for loans made to recipient
牐 businesses was 15 years.
(b) business loans were considered to be more useful to
recipient businesses than was management and
technical assistance.
(c) the anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses
牐爓as significantly lower than the rate that actually
牐爎esulted.
(d) recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to
牐燼reas more favorable for business development.
(e) the capitalization needs of recipient businesses were
assessed and then provided for adequately.
5. based on information in the passage, which of the
爁ollowing would be indicative of the pragmatism of
燤esbic staff members?
牏.a reluctance to invest in minority businesses
牐 that show marginal expectations of return on
牐 the investments
牏. a desire to invest in minority businesses that
牐 produce goods and services likely to be of use to the
牐 sponsoring company
牏. a belief that the minority business sector is best
牐 served by investing primarily in newly established
牐 businesses
(a)Ⅰonly
(b) Ⅲ only
(c)Ⅰand Ⅱ only
(d)Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(e)Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ
6. the author refers to the “financial and operating
爌roblems”(line 38 ) encountered by mesbic’s
爌rimarily in order to
(a) broaden the scope of the discussion to include the
牐 legal considerations of funding mesbic’s through
牐 sponsoring companies
(b) call attention to the fact that mesbic’s must
牐 receive adequate funding in order to function
牐 effectively
(c) show that sponsoring companies were willing to
牐 invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored
牐 venture capital in the original mesbic’s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 a(d) compare sba and mesbic limits on minimum
牐 funding
(e) refute suggestions that mesbic’s have been only
牐 marginally su
[10] ...