GMAT阅读 ——（6）_GMAT
牐 studies of the weddell seal in the laboratory have
燿escribed the physiological mechanisms that allow the
爏eal to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation that
爋ccurs during its longest dives, which can extend 500
(5) meters below the ocean’s surface and last for over 70
爉inutes. recent field studies, however, suggest that
燿uring more typical dives in the wild, this seal’s physio-
爈ogical behavior is different.
牐營n the laboratory, when the seal dives below the
(10) surface of the water and stops breathing, its heart beats
more slowly, requiring less oxygen, and its arteries
become constricted, ensuring that the seal’s blood
remains concentrated near those organs most crucial to
its ability to navigate underwater. the seal essentially
(15) shuts off the flow of blood to other organs, which either
stop functioning until the seal surfaces or switch to an
anaerobic (oxygen-independent) metabolism. the latter
results in the production of large amounts of lactic acid
which can adversely affect the ph of the seal’s blood
(20) but since the anaerobic metabolism occurs only in those
tissues which have been isolated from the seal’s blood
supply, the lactic acid is released into the seal’s blood
only after the seal surfaces, when the lungs, liver, and
other organs quickly clear the acid from the seal’s blood-
(25) stream.
牐燫ecent field studies, however, reveal that on dives in
爐he wild, the seal usually heads directly for its prey and
爎eturns to the surface in less than twenty minutes. the
燼bsence of high levels of lactic acid in the seal’s blood
(30) after such dives suggests that during them, the seal’s
爋rgans do not resort to the anaerobic metabolism
爋bserved in the laboratory, but are supplied with oxygen
爁rom the blood. the seal’s longer excursions underwater,
during which it appears to be
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aeither exploring distant
(35) routes or evading a predator, do evoke the diving
爎esponse seen in the laboratory. but why do the seal’s
爈aboratory dives always evoke this response, regardless
爋f their length or depth? some biologists speculate that
燽ecause in laboratory dives the seal is forcibly
(40) submerged, it does not know how long it will remain
爑nderwater and so prepares for the worst.
1. the passage provides information to support which of
爐he following generalizations?
(a) observations of animals’ physiological behavior in
牐 the wild are not reliable unless verified by laboratory
牐 studies.
(b) it is generally less difficult to observe the
牐 physiological behavior of an animal in the wild than
牐 in the laboratory.
(c) the level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely
to be higher when it is searching for prey than when
it s evading predators.
(d) the level of lactic acid in an animal’s blood is likely
牐牐爐o be lowest during those periods in which it
牐牐爀xperiences oxygen deprivation.
(e) the physiological behavior of animals in a
牐牐爈aboratory setting is not always consistent with
牐牐爐heir physiological behavior in the wild.
2. it can be inferred from the passage that by describing the
燱eddell seal as preparing “for the worst” (line 41),
燽iologists mean that it
(a) prepares to remain underwater for no longer than
牐牐爐wenty minutes
(b) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which
牐 characterizes dives in which it heads directly for its
牐 prey
(c) exhibits physiological behavior similar to that which
牐 characterizes its longest dives in the wild.
(d) begins to exhibit predatory behavior
(e) clears the lactic acid from its blood before
牐 attempting to dive
3. the passage suggests that during laboratory dives, the
ph of the weddell seal’s blood is not ad
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aversely
affected by the
爌roduction of lactic acid because
(a) only those organs that are essential to the seal’s
牐 ability to navigate underwater revert to an anaerobic
牐 mechanism.
(b) the seal typically reverts to an anaerobic metabolism
牐 only at the very end of the dive
(c) organs that revert to an anaerobic metabolism are
temporarily isolated from the seal’s bloodstream
(d) oxygen continues to be supplied to organs that clear
lactic acid from the seal’s bloodstream
(e) the seal remains submerged for only short periods of
牐 time
4. which of the following best summarizes the main point
牐 of the pa
...
ssage?
(a) recent field studies have indicated that descriptions
牐 of the physiological behavior of the weddell seal
during laboratory dives are not applicable to its most
typical dives in the wild.
(b) the weddell seal has developed a number of unique
mechanisms that enable it to remain submerged at
牐燿epths of up to 500 meters for up to 70 minutes.
(c) the results of recent field studies have made it
牐 necessary for biologists to revise previous
perceptions of how the weddell seal behaves
physiologically during its longest dives in the wild.
(d) biologists speculate that laboratory studies of the
牐 physiological behavior of seals during dives lasting
more than twenty minutes would be more accurate if
the seals were not forcibly submerged.
(e) how the weddell seal responds to oxygen
牐 deprivation during its longest dives appears to
牐 depend on whether the seal is searching for prey or
牐 avoiding predators during such dives.
5. according to the author, which of the following is true
爋f the laboratory studies mentioned in line 1 ?
(a) they fail to explain how the seal is able to tolerate
牐 the increased production of lactic acid by organs
牐 that revert to an anaerobic metabolism d
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 auring its
牐 longest dives in the wild.
(b) they present an oversimplified account of
牐 mechanisms that the weddell seal relies on during its
牐 longest dives in the wild.
(c) they provide evidence that undermines the view
牐 that the weddell seal relies on an anaerobic
牐 metabolism during its most typical dives in the wild.
(d) they are based on the assumption that weddell seals
牐 rarely spend more than twenty minutes underwater
牐 on a typical dive in the wild.
(e) they provide an accurate account of the
牐 physiological behavior of weddell seals during
牐 those dives in the wild in which they are either
牐 evading predators or exploring distant routes.
6. the author cites which of the following as characteristic
of the weddell seal’s physiological behavior during
dives observed in the laboratory?
牏. a decrease in the rate at which the seal’s heart beats
牏. a constriction of the seal’s arteries
牏. a decrease in the levels of lactic acid in the seal’s
牐 blood
牏. a temporary halt in the functioning of certain organs
(a) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(b) Ⅱ and Ⅳ only
(c) Ⅱ and Ⅲ only
(d) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅳ only
(e) Ⅰ,Ⅲ, and Ⅳ only
7. the passage suggests that because weddell seals are
爁orcibly submerged during laboratory dives, they do
which of the following?
(a) exhibit the physiological responses that are
牐 characteristic of dives in the wild that last less than
牐 twenty minutes.
(b) exhibit the physiological responses that are
牐 characteristic of the longer dives they undertake in
牐 the wild.
(c) cope with oxygen deprivation less effectively than
牐牐爐hey do on typical dives in the wild.
(d) produce smaller amounts of lactic acid than they do
牐 on typical dives in the wild.
(e) navigate less effectively than they do on typical
牐 dives in the wild
passage 30
since the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aearly 1970’s, historians have begun to
燿evote serious attention to the working class in the
燯nited states. yet while we now have studies of
爓orking-class communities and culture, we know
(5) remarkably little of worklessness. when historians have
爌aid any attention at all to unemployment, they have
爁ocused on the great depression of the 1930’s. the
爊arrowness of this perspective ignores the pervasive
爎ecessions and joblessness of the previous decades, as
(10) alexander keyssar shows in his recent book. examining
爐he period 1870-1920, keyssar concentrates on massa-
燾husetts, where the historical materials are particularly
爎ich, and the findings applicable to other industrial
燼reas.
(15 ) the unemployment rates that keyssar calculates
燼ppear to be relatively modest, at least by great depres-
爏ion standards: during the worst years, in the 1870’s
燼nd 1890’s, unemployment was around 15 percent. yet
keyssar rightly understands that a better way to
(20) measure the impact of unemployment is to calculate
爑nemployment frequencies-measuring the percentage
爋f workers who experience any unemployment in the
燾ourse of a year. given this perspective, joblessness
爈ooms much larger.
(25) keyssar also scrutinizes unemployment patterns
燼ccording t
...
o skill level, ethnicity, race, age, class, and
爂ender. he finds that rates of joblessness differed
爌rimarily according to class: those in middle-class and
爓hite-collar occupations were far less likely to be unem-
(30) ployed. yet the impact of unemployment on a specific
燾lass was not always the same. even when dependent on
the same trade, adjoining communities could have
燿ramatically different unemployment rates. keyssar uses
爐hese differential rates to help explain a phenomenon
(35) that has puzzled historians-the startlingly high rate of
爂eographical mobility in the nineteen
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ath-century united
燬tates. but mobility was not the dominant working-class
爏trategy for coping with unemployment, nor was assis-
爐ance from private charities or state agencies. self-help
(40) and the help of kin got most workers through jobless
spells.
while keyssar might have spent more time develop-
ing the implications of his findings on joblessness for
contemporary public policy, his study, in its thorough
(45) research and creative use of quantitative and qualitative
evidence, is a model of historical analysis.
1. the passage is primarily concerned with
(a) recommending a new course of investigation
(b) summarizing and assessing a study
(c) making distinctions among categories
(d) criticizing the current state of a field
(e) comparing and contrasting two methods for
牐牐燾alculating data
2. the passage suggests that before the early 1970’s, which
爋f the following was true of the study by historians of
爐he working class in the united states?
(a) the study was infrequent or superficial, or both.
(b) the study was repeatedly criticized for its allegedly
爊arrow focus.
(c) the study relied more on qualitative than
牐 quantitative evidence.
(d) the study focused more on the working-class
community than on working-class culture.
(e) the study ignored working-class joblessness during
牐 the great depression.
3. according to the passage, which of the following is true
爋f keyssar’s findings concerning unemployment in
燤assachusetts?
(a) they tend to contradict earlier findings about such
牐牐爑nemployment.
(b) they are possible because massachusetts has the
牐 most easily accessible historical records.
(c) they are the first to mention the existence of high
牐 rates of geographical mobility in the nineteenth
牐 century.
(d) they are relevant to a historical understanding of
牐牐爐
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ahe nature of unemployment in other states.
(e) they have caused historians to reconsider the role of
牐 the working class during the great depression.
4. according to the passage, which of the following is true
爋f the unemployment rates mentioned in line 15
(a) they hovered, on average, around 15 percent during
牐牐爐he period 1870-1920.
(b) they give less than a full sense of the impact of
牐 unemployment on working-class people.
(c) they overestimate the importance of middle class
牐 and white-collar unemployment.
(d) they have been considered by many historians to
牐 underestimate the extent of working-class
牐 unemployment.
(e) they are more open to question when calculated for
牐 years other than those of peak recession.
5. which of the following statements about the
爑nemployment rate during the great depression can be
爄nferred from the passage?
(a) it was sometimes higher than 15 percent.
(b) it has been analyzed seriously only since the early
牐 1970’s.
(c) it can be calculated more easily than can
unemployment frequency.
(d) it was never as high as the rate during the 1870’s.
(e) it has been shown by keyssar to be lower than
previously thought.
6. according to the passage, keyssar considers which of the
爁ollowing to be among the important predictors of the
爈ikelihood that a particular person would be unemployed in
爈ate nineteenth-century massachusetts?
牏. the person’s class
牏. where the person lived or worked
牏. the person’s age
(a) Ⅰonly
(b) Ⅱonly
(c) Ⅰand Ⅱ only
(d) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(e) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ
7. the author views keyssar’s study with
(a) impatient disapproval
(b) wary concern
(c) polite skepticism
(d) scrupulous neutrality
(e) qualified admiration
8. which of the following, if true, would most strongly
爏upport keyssar’s find
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1
...
5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aings as they are described by the
牐 author?
(a) boston, massachusetts, and quincy, massachusetts,
牐 adjoining communities, had a higher rate of
牐 unemployment for working-class people in 1870
牐 than in 1890.
(b) white-collar professionals such as attorneys had as
牐 much trouble as day laborers in maintaining a steady
牐 level of employment throughout the period 1870-
牐 1920.
(c) working-class women living in cambridge,
牐 massachusetts, were more likely than working-class
men living in cambridge to be unemployed for some
period of time during the year 1873.
(d) in the 1890’s, shoe-factory workers moved away in
牐 large numbers from chelmsford, massachusetts,
牐 where shoe factories were being replaced by other
牐 industries, to adjoining west chelmsford, where the
牐 shoe industry flourished.
(e) in the late nineteenth century, workers of all classes
牐爄n massachusetts were more likely than workers of all
classes in other states to move their place of
residence from one location to another within the
爏tate.
passage 31
牐 the number of women directors appointed to corpo-
爎ate boards in the united states has increased dramati-
燾ally, but the ratio of female to male directors remains
low. although pressure to recruit women directors,
(5) unlike that to employ women in the general work force,
燿oes not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.
牐 although small companies were the first to have
爓omen directors, large corporations currently have a
爃igher percentage of women on their boards. when the
(10) chairs of these large corporations began recruiting
women to serve on boards, they initially sought women
who were chief executive officers (ceo’s) of large corpo-
rations. however, such women ceo’s are still rare. in
addition, the ideal of six ceo’s (female or male ) serving
(
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 a15)爋n the board of each of the largest corporations is realiz-
牐燼ble only if every ceo serves on six boards. this raises
牐爐he specter of director overcommitment and the resultant
牐燿ilution of contribution. consequently, the chairs next
sought women in business who had the equivalent of
(20)燙eo experience. however, since it is only recently that
large numbers of women have begun to rise in manage-
ment, the chairs began to recruit women of high achieve-
ment outside the business world. many such women are
well known for their contributions in government,
(25)爀ducation, and the nonprofit sector. the fact that the
women from these sectors who were appointed were
often acquaintances of the boards’ chairs seems quite
reasonable: chairs have always considered it important
for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.
30)牐 although many successful women from outside the
business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these
women are particularly qualified to serve on boards
because of the changing nature of corporations. today a
company’s ability to be responsive to the concerns of the
35)燾ommunity and the environment can influence that
company’s growth and survival. women are uniquely
positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns.
although conditions have changed, it should be remem-
bered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty
(40) years old. women of that generation were often encour-
aged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve
the community. this fact is reflected in the career devel-
opment of most of the outstandingly successful women
of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve
(45) on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and
22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit
爏ector.
one organization of women directors is helping busi-
爊ess become more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aresponsive to the changing needs of
(50)爏ociety by raising the level of corporate awareness about
social issues, such as problems with the economy,
爂overnment regulation, the aging population, and the
爀nvironment. this organization also serves as a resource
燾enter of information on accomplished women who are
(55) potential candidates for corporate boards.
1. the author of the passage would be most likely to agree
爓ith which of the following statements about
燼chievement of the “ideal” mentioned in line 14?
(a) it has only
...
recently become a possibility.
(b) it would be easier to meet if more ceo’s were
牐 women
(c) it is very close to being a reality for most corporate
牐 boards.
(d) it might affect the quality of directors’ service to
牐 corporations.
(e) it would be more realizable if ceo’s had a more
牐 extensive range of business experience.
2. according to the passage, the pressure to appoint
爓omen to corporate boards differs from the pressure to
爀mploy women in the work force in which of the
爁ollowing ways?
(a) corporate boards are under less pressure because they
牐牐爃ave such a small number of openings.
(b) corporate boards have received less pressure from
牐牐爏tockholders, consumers, and workers within
牐牐燾ompanies to include women on their boards.
(c) corporate boards have received less pressure from
牐 the media and the public to include women on their
牐 boards.
(d) corporations have only recently been pressured to
include women on their boards.
(e) corporations are not subject to statutory penalty for
failing to include women on their boards.
3. all of the following are examples of issues that the
爋rganization described in the last paragraph would be
爈ikely to advise corporations on except
(a) long-term inflation
(b) health and safety regulations
(c) retirement an
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ad pension programs
(d) the energy shortage
(e) how to develop new markets
4. it can be inferred from the passage that, when seeking to
燼ppoint new members to a corporation’s board, the chair
爐raditionally looked for candidates who
(a) had legal and governmental experience
(b) had experience dealing with community affairs
(c) could work easily with other members of the board
(d) were already involved in establishing policy for that
牐 corporation
(e) had influential connections outside the business
牐 world
5. according to the passage, which of the following is true
燼bout women outside the business world who are
燾urrently serving on corporate boards?
(a) most do not serve on more than one board.
(b) a large percentage will eventually work on the staff
牐 of corporations.
(c) most were already known to the chairs of the board
牐 to which they were appointed.
(d) a larger percentage are from government and law
牐 than are from the nonprofit sector.
(e) most are less than fifty years old.
6. the passage suggests that corporations of the past differ
爁rom modern corporations in which of the following
爓ays?
(a) corporations had greater input on government
牐 policies affecting the business community.
(b) corporations were less responsive to the financial
牐 needs of their employees.
(c) the ability of a corporation to keep up with
牐 changing markets was not a crucial factor in its
牐 success.
(d) a corporation’s effectiveness in coping with
牐 community needs was less likely to affect its growth
牐 and prosperity.
(e) corporations were subject to more stringent
牐 government regulations.
7. which of the following best describes the organization
爋f the passage?
(a) a problem is described, and then reasons why
牐 various proposed solutions succeeded or failed are
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 adiscussed.
(b) a problem is described, and then an advantage of
牐 resolving it is offered.
(c) a problem is described, and then reasons for its
牐 continuing existence are summarized.
(d) the historical origins of a problem are described,
牐 and then various measures that have successfully
牐 resolved it are discussed.
(e) the causes of a problem are described, and then its
牐 effects are discussed.
8. it can be inferred from the passage that factors making
爓omen uniquely valuable members of modern corporate
燽oards would include which of the following?
牏. the nature of modern corporations
牏. the increased number of women ceo’s
牏. the careers pursued by women currently available to
牐 serve on corporate boards
(a) Ⅰonly
(b) Ⅱonly
(c) Ⅲ only
(d) Ⅰand Ⅲ only
(e) Ⅰ,Ⅱ, and Ⅲ
passage 32
牐營ncreasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported
爁rom the old world for the staggering disparity between
爐he indigenous population of america in 1492-new esti-
爉ates of which soar as high as 100 million, or approxi-
(5) mately one-sixth of the human race at that time-and
爐he few million full-blooded native americans
...
alive at
爐he end of the nineteenth century. there is no doubt that
燾hronic disease was an important factor in the precipi-
爐ous decline, and it is highly probable that the greatest
(10) killer was epidemic disease, especially as manifested in
virgin-soil epidemics.
virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the popula-
tions at risk have had no previous contact with the
diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologi-
(15) cally almost defenseless. that virgin-soil epidemics were
important in american history is strongly indicated by
evidence that a number of dangerous maladies-small-
pox, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and undoubtedly
several more-wer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ae unknown in the pre-columbian
(20) new world. the effects of their sudden introduction
are demonstrated in the early chronicles of america,
which contain reports of horrendous epidemics and steep
population declines, confirmed in many cases by recent
quantitative analyses of spanish tribute records and
(25) other sources. the evidence provided by the documents
of british and french colonies is not as definitive
because the conquerors of those areas did not establish
permanent settlements and begin to keep continuous
records until the seventeenth century, by which time the
(30) worst epidemics had probably already taken place.
furthermore, the british tended to drive the native
populations away, rather than enslaving them as the
spaniards did, so that the epidemics of british america
occurred beyond the range of colonists’ direct
(35) observation.
牐 even so, the surviving records of north america do
燾ontain references to deadly epidemics among the indige-
nous population. in 1616-1619 an epidemic, possibly of
bubonic or pneumonic plague, swept coastal new
(40) england, killing as many as nine out of ten. during the
1630’s smallpox, the disease most fatal to the native
american people, eliminated half the population of the
huron and iroquois confederations. in the 1820’s fever
devastated the people of the columbia river area,
(45) killing eight out of ten of them.
unfortunately, the documentation of these and other
epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is
ecessary to supplement what little we do know with
evidence from recent epidemics among native ameri-
(50) cans. for example, in 1952 an outbreak of measles
among the native american inhabitants of ungava bay.
quebec, affected 99 percent of the population and killed
7 percent, even though some had the benefit of mod
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aern
medicine. cases such as this demonstrate that even
(55) diseases that are not normally fatal can have devastating
consequences when they strike an immunologically
defenseless community.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) refute a common misconception
(b) provide support for a hypothesis
(c) analyze an argument
(d) suggest a solution to a dilemma
(e) reconcile opposing viewpoints
2. according to the passage, virgin-soil epidemics can be
燿istinguished from other catastrophic outbreaks of
燿isease in that virgin-soil epidemics
(a) recur more frequently than other chronic diseases
(b) affect a minimum of one-half of a given population
(c) involve populations with no prior exposure to a
牐 disease
(d) usually involve a number of interacting diseases
(e) are less responsive to medical treatment than are
牐 other diseases
3. according to the passage, the british colonists
爓ereunlike the spanish colonists in that the british
牐 colonists
(a) collected tribute from the native population
(b) kept records from a very early date
(c) drove native americans off the land
(d) were unable to provide medical care against
牐 epidemic disease
(e) enslaved the native populations in america
4. which of the following can be inferred from the passage
燾oncerning spanish tribute records?
(a) they mention only epidemics of smallpox.
(b) they were instituted in 1492.
(c) they were being kept prior to the seventeenth
牐 century.
(d) they provide quantitative and qualitative evidence
牐 about native american populations.
(e) they prove that certain diseases were unknown in
牐 the pre-columbian new world.
5. the author implies which of the following about
爉easles?
(a) it is not usually a fatal disease.
(b)
...
it ceased to be a problem by the seventeenth century.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 a
(c) it is the disease most commonly involved in virgin-
牐 soil epidemics.
(d) it was not a significant problem in spanish colonies.
(e) it affects only those who are immunologically
牐 defenseless against it.
6. which of the following can be inferred from the passage
燼bout the native american inhabitants of ungava bay?
(a) they were almost all killed by the 1952 epidemic.
(b) they were immunologically defenseless against
牐 measles.
(c) they were the last native people to be struck by a
牐 virgin- soil epidemic.
(d) they did not come into frequent contact with white
牐 americans until the twentieth century.
(e) they had been inoculated against measles.
7. the author mentions the 1952 measles outbreak most
爌robably in order to
(a) demonstrate the impact of modern medicine on
牐 epidemic disease
(b) corroborate the documentary evidence of epidemic
牐 disease in colonial america
(c) refute allegations of unreliability made against the
牐 historical record of colonial america
(d) advocate new research into the continuing problem
牐 of epidemic disease
(e) challenge assumptions about how the statistical
牐 evidence of epidemics should be interpreted
8. which of the following, if newly discovered, would
most seriously weaken the author’s argument
concerning the importance of virgin-soil epidemics in
the depopulation of native americans?
(a) evidence setting the pre-columbian population of
牐 the new world at only 80 million
(b) spanish tribute records showing periodic population
牐 fluctuations
(c) documents detailing sophisticated native american
牐 medical procedures
(d) fossils indicating native american cortact with
牐 smallpox prior to 1492
(e) remains of french settlements dating back to the
牐 sixteenth century
passage 33
until recently most astro
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 anomers believed that the
爏pace between the galaxies in our universe was a near-
爌erfect vacuum. this orthodox view of the universe is
now being challenged by astronomers who believe that a
(5) heavy “rain” of gas is falling into many galaxies from
爐he supposedly empty space around them. the gas
燼pparently condenses into a collection of small stars,
爀ach a little larger than the planet jupiter. these stars
爒astly outnumber the other stars in a given galaxy. the
(10) amount of “intergalactic rainfall” into some of these
galaxies has been enough to double their mass in the
time since they formed. scientists have begun to suspect
that this intergalactic gas is probably a mixture of gases
left over from the “big bang” when the galaxies were
(15) formed and gas was forced out of galaxies by supernova
explosions.
牐營t is well known that when gas is cooled at a constant
爌ressure its volume decreases. thus, the physicist fabian
爎easoned that as intergalactic gas cools, the cooler gas
(20) shrinks inward toward the center of the galaxy. mean-
爓hile its place is taken by hotter intergalactic gas from
爁arther out on the edge of the galaxy, which cools as it is
燾ompressed and flows into the galaxy. the net result is a
燾ontinuous flow of gas, starting as hot gases in inter-
(25) galactic space and ending as a drizzle of cool gas called a
“cooling flow,” falling into the central galaxy.
牐燗 fairly heretical idea in the 1970’s, the cooling-flow
theory gained support when fabian observed a cluster
of galaxies in the constellation perseus and found the
(30) central galaxy, ngc 1275, to be a strange-looking object
with irregular, thin strands of gas radiating from it.
according to previous speculation, these strands were
gases that had been blown out by an explosion in the
galaxy. fabian, however, disagreed. because t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ahe strands
(35) of gas radiating from ngc 1275 are visible in optical
爌hotographs, fabian suggested that such strands consisted
爊ot of gas blown out of the galaxy but of cooling flows
爋f gas streaming inward. he noted that the wavelengths
爋f the radiation emitted by a gas would changes as the
(40) gas cooled, so that as the gas flowed into the galaxy and
燽ecame cooler, it would emit not x-rays, but visible light,
爈ike that which wa
[7] ...
s captured in the photographs. fabian’s
爃ypothesis was supported by canizares’ determination in
1982 that most of the gas in the perseus cluster was at a
(45) temperature of 80 million degrees kelvin, whereas the
爂as immediately surrounding ngc 1275 (the subject of
爐he photographs) was at one-tenth this temperature.
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) illustrate a hypothesis about the origin of galaxies
(b) provide evidence to dispute an accepted theory
牐 about the evolution of galaxies
(c) summarize the state of and prospects for research in
牐 intergalactic astronomy
(d) report new data on the origins of intergalactic gas
(e) reconcile opposing views on the formation of
牐 intergalactic gas
2. the author uses the phrase “orthodox view of the
爑niverse” (line 3) to refer to the belief that
(a) the space between the galaxies is devoid of matter
(b) the space between galaxies is occupied by stars that
牐 cannot be detected by optical photographs
(c) galaxies have decreased in mass by half since their
牐 formation
(d) galaxies contain stars, each the size of jupiter, which
牐牐爁orm clusters
(e) galaxies are being penetrated by gas forced out of
牐 other galaxies by supernova explosions.
3. it can be inferred from the passage that, if fabian is
燾orrect, gas in the peripheral regions of a galaxy cluster
(a) streams outward into intergalactic space
(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ais hotter than gas in the central regions of the galaxy
(c) is composed primarily of gas left over from the big
牐 bang
(d) results in the creation of unusually large stars
(e) expands to increase the size of the galaxy
4. the author of the passage probably mentions canizares’
燿etermination in order to
(a) clarify an ambiguity in fabian’s research findings
(b) illustrate a generalization about the temperature of
牐 gas in a galaxy cluster
(c) introduce a new argument in support of the orthodox
牐 view of galaxies
(d) provide support for fabian’s assertions about the
牐 perseus galaxies
(e) provide an alternate point of view concerning the
牐 movement of gas within a galaxy cluster
5. according to the passage, fabian believes that gas
爁lowing into a central galaxy has which of the following
燾haracteristics?
(a) it is one-tenth hotter than it was in the outer regions
牐 of the galaxy cluster.
(b) it emits radiation with wavelengths that change as
牐 the gas moves toward the center of the galaxy.
(c) the total amount of radiation emitted diminishes as
牐 the gas cools.
(d) it loses 90 percent of its energy as it moves to the
牐 center of the galaxy.
(e) it condenses at a rate much slower than the rate of
牐 decrease in temperature as the gas flows inward.
6. according to the passage, fabian’s theory makes use of牐牐
爓hich of the following principles?
(a) gas emanating from an explosion will be hotter the
牐牐爉ore distant it is from the origin.
(b) the wavelength of radiation emitted by a gas as it
牐 cools remains constant.
(c) if pressure remains constant, the volume of a gas
牐 will decrease as it is cooled.
(d) the volume of a gas will increase as the pressure
牐 increases.
(e) as gas cools, its density decreases.
7. it can be inferred from the passage that which of the
爁
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aollowing is true of fabian’s theory?
(a) it did not receive approval until canizares’ work
牐 was published.
(b) it was not widely accepted in the 1970’s.
(c) it did not receive support initially because
牐 technology was not available to confirm its tenets.
(d) it supports earlier speculation that intergalactic gas
was largely the result of explosions outside the
galaxy.
(e) it was widely challenged until x-ray evidence of gas
牐 temperatures in ngc 1275 had been presented.
passage 34
牐燢azuko nakane’s history of the early japanese immi-
爂rants to central california’s pajaro valley focuses on
爐he development of farming communities there from
1890 to 1940. the issei (first-generation immigrants)
(5) were brought into the pajaro valley to raise sugar beets.
燣ike issei laborers in american cities, japanese men in
爎ural areas sought employment via the “boss” system.
燭he system comprised three elements: immigrant wage
爈aborers; issei boardinghouses where laborers stayed;
(10) and labor contractors, who gathered workers for a
partic
[8] ...
ular job and then negotiated a contract between
workers and employer. this same system was originally
utilized by the chinese laborers who had preceded the
japanese. a related institution was the “labor club,”
(15)which provided job information and negotiated employ-
ment contracts and other legal matters, such as the
rental of land, for issei who chose to belong and paid an
annual fee to the cooperative for membership.
when the local sugar beet industry collapsed in 1902,
(20) the issei began to lease land from the valley’s strawberry
farmers. the japanese provided the labor and the crop
was divided between laborers and landowners. the issei
began to operate farms, they began to marry and start
families, forming an established japanese american
(30) comm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aunity. unfortunately, the issei’s efforts to attain
agricultural independence were hampered by govern-
ment restrictions, such as the alien land law of 1913.
but immigrants could circumvent such exclusionary laws
by leasing or purchasing land in their american-born
(35) children’s names.
牐 nakane’s case study of one rural japanese american
燾ommunity provides valuable information about the
爈ives and experiences of the isseil. it is, however, too
爌articularistic. this limitation derives from nakane’s
(40) methodology-that of oral history-which cannot
substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative
perspective. furture research might well consider two
issues raised by her study: were the issei of the pajaro
燰alley similar to or different from issei in urban settings,
(45) and what variations existed between rural japanese
american communities?
1. the primary purpose of the passage is to
(a) defend a controversial hypothesis presented in a
牐牐爃istory of early japanese immigrants to califronia
(b) dismiss a history of an early japanese settlement in
牐 california as narrow and ill constructed
(c) summarize and critique a history of an early
牐 japanese settlement in california
(d) compare a history of one japanese american
牐 community with studies of japanese settlements
牐 throughout california
(e) examine the differences between japanese and
chinese immigrants to central california in the
1890’s
2. which of the following best describes a “labor club,” as
燿efined in the passage?
(a) an organization to which issei were compelled to
牐 belong if they sought employment in the pajaro
牐燰alley
(b) an association whose members included labor
牐 contractors and landowning “bosses”
(c) a type of farming corporation set up by issei who
牐 had resided in the pajaro valley for some time
牐 dues-paying japanese laborers
(e) a social organization to which japanese laborers and
牐 their families belonged
3. based on information in the passage, which of the
爁ollowing statements concerning the alien land law of
1913 is most accurate?
(a) it excluded american-born citizens of japanese
牐 ancestry from landownership.
(b) it sought to restrict the number of foreign
牐 immigrants to california.
(c) it successfully prevented issei from ever purchasing
牐 farmland.
(d) it was applicable to first-generation immigrants but
牐 not to their american-born children.
(e) it was passed under pressure from the pajaro
牐 valley’s strawberry farmers.
4. several issei families join together to purchase a
爏trawberry field and the necessary farming equipment.
燬uch a situation best exemplifies which of the
爁ollowing, as it is described in the passage?
(a) a typical sharecropping agreement
(b) a farming corporation
(c) a “labor club”
(d) the “boss” system
(e) circumvention of the alien land law
5. the passage suggests that which of the following was an
爄ndirect consequence of the collapse of the sugar beet
爄ndustry in the pajaro valley?
(a) the issei formed a permanent, family-based
牐 community.
(b) boardinghouses were built to accommodate the
牐 issei.
(c) the issei began to lease land in their children’s
names.
(d) the issei adopted a labor contract system similar to
牐 that
牐牐爑sed by chinese immigrants.
(e) the issei suffered a massive dislocation caused by
牐 unemployment.
6. the author of the passage would most likely agree that
爓hich of the following, if it had
[9] ...
been included in
燦akane’s study, would best remedy the particularistic
nature of that study?
(a) a statistical table comparing per capita inco
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ame of
牐 issei wage laborers and sharecroppers in the pajaro
valley
(b) a statistical table showing per capita income of
牐牐營ssei in the pajaro valley from 1890 to 1940
(c) a statistical table showing rates of farm ownership
牐 by japanese americans in four central california
牐 counties from 1890 to 1940
(d) a discussion of original company documents
牐 dealing with the pajaro valley sugar beet industry at
牐 the turn of the century
(e) transcripts of interviews conducted with members
牐 of the pajaro valley japanese american community
who were born in the 1920’s and 1930’s.
7. it can be inferred from the passage that, when the issei
燽egan to lease land from the valley’s strawberry
爁armers, the issei most probably did which of the
爁ollowing?
(a) they used profits made from selling the strawberry
牐 crop to hire other issei.
(b) they negotiated such agricultural contracts using the
牐 “boss” system.
(c) they paid for the use of the land with a share of the
牐 strawberry crop.
(d) they earned higher wages than when they raised
牐 sugar beets.
(e) they violated the alien land law.
passage 35
牐 it can be argued that much consumer dissatisfaction
爓ith marketing strategies arises from an inability to aim
燼dvertising at only the likely buyers of a given product.
燭here are three groups of consumers who are affected
(5) by the marketing process. first, there is the market
爏egment-people who need the commodity in question.
燬econd, there is the program target-people in the
爉arket segment with the “best fit” characteristics for a
爏pecific product. lots of people may need trousers, but
(10) only a few qualify as likely buyers of very expensive
燿esigner trousers. finally, there is the program audience
牗dall people who are actually exposed to the
爉arketing program without regard to
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 awhether they need
爋r want the product.
(15) these three groups are rarely identical. an exception
爋ccurs occasionally in cases where customers for a
爌articular industrial product may be few and easily iden-
爐ifiable. such customers, all sharing a particular need,
燼re likely to form a meaningful target, for example, all
(20) companies with a particular application of the product
爄n question, such as high-speed fillers of bottles at brew-牐
爀ries. in such circumstances, direct selling (marketing that
reaches only the program target) is likely to be
economically justified, and highly specialized trade
(25) media exist to expose members of the program target-
and only members of the program target-to the
marketing program.
牐 most consumer-goods markets are significantly
different. typically, there are many rather than few
(30) potential customers. each represents a relatively small
percentage of potential sales. rarely do members of a
particular market segment group themselves neatly into
a meaningful program target. there are substantial
differences among consumers with similar demographic
(35) characteristics. even with all the past decade’s advances
in information technology, direct selling of consumer
goods is rare, and mass marketing-a marketing
approach that aims at a wide audience-remains the
only economically feasible mode. unfortunately, there
(40) are few media that allow the marketer to direct a
marketing program exclusively to the program target.
inevitably, people get exposed to a great deal of
marketing for products in which they have no interest
and so they become annoyed.
1. the passage suggests which of the following about
highly specialized trade media?
(a) they should be used only when direct selling is not
牐牐爀conomically feasible.
(b) they can be used to excl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 aude from the program
牐 audience people who are not part of the program
牐 target.
(c) they are used only for very expensive products.
(d) they are rarely used in the implementation of
牐牐爉arketing programs for industrial products.
(e) they are used only when direct selling has not
牐 reached the appropriate market segment.
2.
[10] ...