1997英语专业八级考试全真试卷_专业八级
试卷一 (95 min)おお
part Ⅰ
listening comprehension (40 min)
in sections a, b and c you will hear everything once only. listen carefully
and then answer the questions that follow. mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.
section a talk
questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section .at the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. now listen to the talk.
1. in the black forest, the acid rain is said to attack all except ___.
a. firs b. metals c. leaves d. soil
2. the percentage of firs dying in the black forest is ___.
a.41% b.43% c.26% d.76%
3. germany is tackling part of the problem by introducing ___.
a. new car designing schemes
b. new car production lines
c. a new type of smoke stacks
d. new car safety standards
4. which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. germany is likely to succeed in persuading her neighbours to reduce acid rain.
b. the disastrous effects of acid rain are not confined to one area.
c. german tourists are allowed to drive across their neighbours’ borders.
d. germany’s neighbours are in favour of the use of lead-free petrol.
5. on the issue of future solution of acid rain, the speaker’s tone is that of ___.
a. warning b. pessimism c. indifference d. optimism
section b interview
questions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. at the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. now listen
to the interview.
6. what subject is mr. pitt good at_____?
a. art. b. french. c. german. d.chemistry.
7. what does mr. pitt not do in his spare time?
a. doing a bit of acting and photography.
b. going to concerts frequently.
c. playing traditional jazz and folk music.
d. travelling in europe by hitch-hiking.
8. when asked what a manager’s role is mr. pitt sounds ___.
a. confident b. hesitant c. resolute d. doubtful
9. what does mr. pitt say he would like to be?
a. an export salesman working overseas.
b. an accountant working in the company.
c. a production manager in a branch.
d. a policy maker in the company.
10. which of the following statements about the management trainee scheme is true?
a. trainees are required to sign contracts initially.
b. trainees’ performance is evaluated when necessary.
c. trainees’ starting salary is 870 pounds.
d. trainees cannot quit the management scheme
section c news broadcast
question 11 is based on the following news. at the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. now listen to the news.
11. which of the following statements is true?
a. five gunmen were flown to iran in a helicopter.
b. most of the ransom was retrieved in the end.
c. the children were held for five days.
d. the authorities have passed sentence on the gunmen.
question 12 is based on the following news. at the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. now listen to the news.
12. according to the news, american troops in panama ___.
a. were attacked at refugee camps
b. were angry at delays in departure
c. attacked cuban refugee camps last week
d. will be increased to 2,000
question 13 is based on the following news. at the end of the news item, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the question. now listen to the news.
13. which of the following statements is correct? u.s. lawmakers ___.
a. challenged the accord for freezing pyongyang’s nuclear programme
b. required the inspection of pyon
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gyang’ s nuclear site for at least five years
c. were worried that north korea may take advantage of the concessions
d. blamed the u. s. negotiator for making no compromises with north korea
questions 14 & 15 are based on the following news. at the end of the news item,
you will be given 30 seconds to answer the two questions. now listen to the news.
14. according to the news, the italian parliament was asked to act by ___.
a. the u.n. b. the red cross
c. the defence minister d. the swedish government
15. on the issue of limited use of landmines, the italian parliament is ___.
a. noncommittal b. resolute c. unsupportive d. wavering
section d note-taking and gap-filling
fill in each of the gaps with one word. you may refer to your notes. make sure the word you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.
in business, many, places adopt a credit system, which dates back
to ancient times. at present, purchases can be made by using credit
cards. they fall into two categories: one has (1)___ use, while the 1.___
other is accepted almost everywhere. the application for the use of
the latter one must be made at a (2) ___. 2.___
once the customer starts using the card, he will be provided with
a monthly statement of (3)___ by the credit company. he is 3.___
required to pay one quarter to half of his credit (4)___ every 4.___
month.
advantages. 1. with a card, it is not (5)___ to save up money 5.___
before an actual purchase. 2. if the card is lost, its owner is protected.
3. a(6)___ and complete list of purchase received from the credit 6.___
company helps the owner to remember the time and (7)___ of his 7.___
purchase. 4. the cards axe accepted in a (n) (8)___ by professional 8.___
people like dentists, etc.
major disadvantage. the card owner is tempted to (9)___ his 9.___
money. if this is the case, it will become increasingly diflie-lt for the
user to keep up with the required (10)___, which will result in the 10.___
credit card being cancelled by the credit company.
part Ⅱ
proofreading an error correction (15 min)
the following passage contains ten errors. each line contains a maximum of one error and three are free from error. in each case, only one word is involved. you should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way.
for a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.
for a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.
for an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.
example
when∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) an
it never〖kg-1*3〗/ buys things in finished form and hangs (2) never
them on the wall. when a natural history museum
wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibit
classic intention movement
in social situations, the classic intention movement is ‘the
chair-grasp’. host and guest have been talking for some time,
but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. 1.___
his urge to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his 2.___
guest, if he did not care of his guest’ s feelings he would simply 3.___
get up out of his chair and to announce his departure. this is 4.___
what his body wants to do, therefore his politeness glues his body 5.___
to the chair and refuses to let him raise. it is at this point that he 6.___
performs the chair-grasp intention movement. he continues to
talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans forward and gras
...
ps
the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. this is 7.___
the first act he would make if he were rising . if he were not 8.___
hesitating, it would only last a fraction of the second. he would 9.___
lean, push, rise, and be up. but now, instead, it lasts much longer.
he holds his ’readiness-to-rise’ post and keeps on holding it. it is 10.___
as if his body had frozen at the get-ready moment.
part Ⅲ
reading comprehension (40 min)
section a reading comprehension (30 min)
in this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.お
text a
a magazine’s design is more than decoration, more than simple packaging. it expresses the magazine’s very character. the atlantic monthly has long attempted to provide a design environment in which two disparate traditions—literary
and journalistic—can co-exist in pleasurable dignity. the redesign that we in
troduce with this issue—the work of our art director, judy garlan—represents, we think, a notable enhancement of that environment.
garlan explains some of what was in her mind as she began to create the new design: “i saw this as an opportunity to bring the look closer to matching the
elegance and power of the writing which the magazine is known for. the overall
design has to be able to encompass a great diversity of styles and subjects—urgent pieces of reporting, serious essays, lighter pieces, lifestyle-oriented pieces, short stories, poetry. we don’t want lighter pieces to seem too heavy, and we
don’t want heavier pieces to seem too petty. we also use a broad range of art
and photography, and the design has to work well with that, too. at the same time
, the magazine needs to have a consistent feel, needs to underscore the sense that everything in it is part of one atlantic world.
the primary typefaces garlan chose for this task are times roman, for a more readable body type, and bauer bodoni, for a more stylish and flexible display
type(article titles, large initials, and so on). other aspects of the new design
are structural. the articles in the front of the magazine, which once flowed in
to one another, now stand on their own, to gain prominence. the travel column, now featured in every issue, has been moved from the back to the front. as noted
in this space last month, the word “monthly” rejoins “the atlantic” on the cover, after a decade long absence.
judy garlan came to the atlantic in 1981 after having served as the art director of several other magazines. during her tenure here the atlantic has won more than 300 awards for visual excellence, from the society of illustrators, the american institute of graphic arts, the art directors club, communication arts, and elsewhere. garlan was in various ways assisted in the redesign by the entire art-department staff: robin gilmore, barnes, betsy urrico, gillian kahn, and is a manning.
the artist nicholas gaetano contributed as well: he redrew our colophon (the figure of neptune that appears on the contents page)and created the symbols that will appear regularly on this page(a rendition of our building) ,on the puzzler page, above the opening of letters, and on the masthead. gaetano, whose work manages to combine stylish clarity and breezy strength, is the cover artist for this issue.
16. part of the new design is to be concerned with the following except ___.
a. variation in the typefaces
b. reorganization of articles in the front
c. creation of the travel column
d. reinstatement of its former name
17. according to the passage, the new design work involves ___.
a. other artists as well
b. other writers as well
c. only the cover artist
d. only the art director
18. this article aims to ___.
a. emphasize the importance of a magazine’s design
b. introduce the magazine’s art director
c. persuade the reader to subscribe to the magazine
d. inform the reader of its new design and features
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;
text b
why should anyone buy the latest volume in the ever-expanding dictionary of
national biography? i do not mean that it is bad, as the reviewers will agree.
but it will cost you 65 pounds. and have you got the rest of volumes? you need the basic 22 plus the largely decennial supplements to bring the total to 31. of course, it will be answered, public and academic libraries will want the new volume. after all, it adds 1,068 lives of people who escaped the net of the original compilers. yet in 10 year’s time a revised version of the whole caboodle, called the new dictionary of national biography, will bbe published. its editor, proessor colin matthew, tells me that he will have room for about 50,000 lives, some 13,000 more than in the current dnb. this rather puts the 1,068 in missing persons in the shade.
when dr. nicholls wrote to the spectator in 1989 asking for name of people
whom readers had looked up in the dnb and had been disappointed not to find, she says that she received some 100,000 suggestions. (well, she had written to ’o
t her quality newspapers’ too. )as soon as her committee had whittled the numbers
down, the professional problems of an editor began. contributors didn’t file copy on time; some who did sent too much: 50,000 words instead of 500 is a record,
according to dr. nicholls.
there remains the dinner-party game of who’s in, who’s out. that is a game that the reviewers have played and will continue to play. criminals were my initial worry. after all, the original edition of the dnb boasted: malefactors whose crimes excite a permanent interest have received hardly less attention than benefactors. mr. john gross clearly had similar anxieties, for he complains that, while the murderer christie is in, crippen is out. one might say in reply that the injustice of the hanging of evans instead of christie was a force in the repeal of capital punishment in britain, as ludovie kennedy (the author of christies entry in missing persons ) notes. but then crippen was reputed as the first mur
derer to be caught by telegraphy(he had tried to escape by ship to america).
it is surprising to find max miller excluded when really not very memorable names get in. there has been a conscious effort to put in artists and architects from the middle ages. about their lives not much is always known.
of hugo of bury st edmunds, a 12th-century illuminator whose dates of birth and death are not recorded, his biographer comments: ‘whether or not hugo was a wall-painter, the records of his activities as carver and manuscript painter attest to his versatility’. then there had to be more women, too( 12 percent, against the original dbn’ s 3), such as roy strong’ s subject, the tudor painter
levina teerlinc, of whom he remarks: ‘her most characteristic feature is a head attached to a too small, spindly body. her technique remained awkward, thin and often cursory’. doesn’t seem to qualify her as a memorable artist. yet it may be
better than the record of the original dnb, which included lives of people who never existed(such as merlin) and even managed to give thanks to j. w. clerke as
a contributor, though, as a later edition admits in a shamefaced footnote, ‘except for the entry in the list of contributors there is no trace of j. w. clerke’.
19. the writer suggests that there is no sense in buying the latest volume ___.
a. because it is not worth the price
b. because it has fewer entries than before
c. unless one has all the volumes in the collection
d. unless an expanded dnb will come out shortly
20. on the issue of who should be included in the dnb, the writer seems to suggest that ___.
a. the editors had clear roles to follow
b. there were too many criminals in the entries
c. the editors clearly favoured benefactors
d. the editors were irrational in their choices
21. crippen was absent from the dnb ___.
a. because he escaped to the u.s.
b. because death sentence had been abolished
c. for reasons not clarified
d. because of the editors’ mistake
22. the author quoted a few entries in the last paragraph to ___.
a. illustrate some features of the dnb
b. give emphasis to his argument
c. impress the read
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er with its content
d. highlight the people in the middle ages
23. throughout the passage, the writer’s tone towards the dnb was ___.
a. complimentary b. supportive c. sarcastic d. bitter
text c
medical consumerism——like all sorts of consumerism, only more menacingly
——is designed to be unsatisfying. the prolongation of life and the search for
perfect health (beauty, youth, happiness)are inherently self-defeating. the law
of diminishing returns necessarily applies. you can make higher percentages of people survive into their eighties and nineties. but, as any geriatric ward shows
, that is not the same as to confer enduring mobility, awareness and autonomy. extending life grows medically feasible, but it is often a life deprived of every
thing, and one exposed to degrading neglect as resources grow over-stretched and
politics turn mean.
what an ignoramus destiny for medicine if its future turned into one of bestowing meager increments of unenjoyed life! it would mirror the fate of athletes
, in which disproportionate energies and resources—not least medical ones, like illegal steroids—are now invested to shave records by milliseconds. and, it goes without saying, the logical extension of longevism—the “ abolition”
of death — would not be a solution but only an exacerbation. to air these predicaments is not anti-medical spleen—a churlish reprisal against medicine for its victories—but simply to face the growing reality of medical power not exactly without responsibility but with dissolving goals.
hence medicine’s finest hour becomes the dawn of its dilemmas. for centuries, medicine was impotent and hence unproblematic. from the greeks to the great
war, its job was simple: to struggle with lethal diseases and gross disabilities
, to ensure live births, and to manage pain. it performed these uncontroversial
tasks by and large with meager success. today, with mission accomplished, medicines triumphs are dissolving in disorientation. medicine has led to vastly inflated expectations, which the public has eagerly swallowed. yet as these expectations grow unlimited, they become unfulfillable. the task facing medicine in the twenty-first century will be to redefine its limits even as it extends its capacities.
24. in the author’s opinion, the prolongation of life is equal to ___.
a. mobility b. deprivation c. autonomy d. awareness
25. in the second paragraph a comparison is drawn between ___.
a. medicine and life
b. resources and energies
c. predicaments and solutions
d. athletics and longevism
text d
the biggest problem facing chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at the end of the earth. it is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-day’s flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike mexico, for example. chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince
travellers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. but it is
succeeding, not only in existing markets like the usa and western europe but in
new territories, in particular the far east. markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. more than 50% of visitors to chile still come from its nearest neighbour, argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.
like all south american countries, chile sees tourism as a valuable earner
of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. in peru, guerrilla warfare in
recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in brazil has reduced the attraction of rio de janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.
more than 150,000 people are directly involved in chile’s tourist sector,
an industry which earns the country more than us $ 950 million each year. the state-run national tourism service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently run
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ning a worldwide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to chile.
chile’s great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. from the parched atacama desert in the north to the antarctic snowfields of
the south, it is more than 5,000km long. with the pacific on one side and the andean mountains on the other, chile boasts natural attractions. its beaches are not up to caribbean standards but resorts such as vina del mar are generally clean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.
but the tromp card is the andes mountain range. there are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour’s drive of the capital, santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. the parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in theregion’s rivers. however, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. the ski re
sorts do not have as many lifts and pistes as their european counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks.
air links between chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. while chile’s two largest airlines have extensive networks within south
america, they operate only a small number of routes to the united states and europe, while services to asia are almost non-existent.
internal transport links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks. nor is development being restricted to the andes. easter island and chile’s antarctic territory axe also on the list of areas where the government believes it can create tourist markets.
but the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. indigenous and environmental groups, including greenpe
ace, say that many parts of the andes will suffer if they become over-developed.
there is a genuine fear that areas of chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in mexico and european resorts.
the policy of opening up antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing santiago’ s territorial claim over part of antarctica.
the chilean government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks
to bring tourism to these areas. but there are immense commercial pressures to exploit the country’s tourism potential. the government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of chile’s natural riches.
26. chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by ___.
a. geographical location b. guerrilla warfare
c. political instability d. street crime
27. many of chile’s tourists used to come from except ___.
a.u.s.a b. the far east
c. western europe d. her neighbours
28. according to the author, chile’s greatest attraction is ___.
a. the unspoilt beaches
b. the dry and hot desert
c. the famous mountain range
d. the high standard of services
29. according to the passage, in which area improvement is already under way?
a. facilities in the ski resorts.
b. domestic transport system.
c. air services to asia.
d. road network in the south.
30. the objection to the development of chile’s tourism might be all except that it ___.
a. is ambitions and unrealistic
b. is politically sensitive
c. will bring harm to culture
d. will cause pollution in the area
section b skimming and scanning (10 min)
in this section there are seven passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. skim or scan them as required and then mark your answers on your coloured answer heet.
text e
first read the question.
31. the main purpose of the passage is to ___.
...
> a. illustrate the features of willpower
b. introduce ways to build up willpower
c. explain the advantages of willpower
d. define the essence of willpower
now go through the text e quickly and answer the question.
willpower isn’t immutable trait we’re either born with or not. it is a skill that can be developed, strengthened and targeted to help us achieve our goals.
“fundamental among man’s inner powers is the tremendous unrealized potency
of man’s own will,” wrote italian psychologist roberto assagioli 25 years ago.
the trained will is a masterful weapon, ”added man marlatt of the university of
washington, a psychologist who is studying how willpower helps people break habi
ts and change their lives.“ the dictionary defines will power as control of one
’s impulses and actions. the key words are power and control. the power is there,
but you have to control it.” here, from marlatt and other experts, is how to do that:
be positive. don’t confuse willpower with self-denial. willpower is most dynamic when applied to positive, uplifting purposes.
positive willpower helps us overcome inertia and focus on the future. when
the going gets tough, visualize yourself happily and busily engaged in your goal
, and you’ ll keep working toward it.
make up your mind. james prochaska, professor of psychology at the university of rhode island, has identified four stages in making a change. he calls them
precontemplation (resisting the change), contemplation (weighing the pros and cons of the change), action ( exercising willpower to make the change), and maintenance (using willpower to sustain the change).
some people are “chronic contemplators,” prochaska says. they know they should reduce their drinking but will have one mere cocktail while they consider the matter. they may never put contemplation into action.
to focus and mobilize your efforts, set a deadline.
sharpen your will. in 1915, psychologist boyd barrett suggested a list of repetitive will-training activities-stepping up and down from a chair 30 times, spilling a box of matches and carefully replacing them one by one. these exerciss, he maintained, strengthen the will so it can confront more consequential and
difficult challenges.
new jersey sen. bill bradley was a basketball star with the champion new york knicks. on top of regular practice, he always went to the gym early and practised foul shots alone. he was determined to be among the best form of the foul line. true to his goal, he developed the highest percentage of successful free throws on his team.
expect trouble. the saying“ where there’s a will, there’s a way” is not
the whole truth. given the will, you still have to anticipate obstacles and plan how to deal with them.
when professor of psychology saul shiffman of the university of pittsburgh
worked with reformed smokers who’s gone back to cigarettes, he found that many
of them hadn’t considered how they’ d cope with the urge to smoke. they had summoned the strength to quit, but couldn’t remain disciplined. the first time they
were offered a cigarette, they went back to smoking.
if you’ve given up alcohol, rehearse your answer for when you’re offered
a drink. if you’re expecting to jog but wake up to a storm, have an indoor workout program ready.
be realistic. the strongest will may falter when the goal is to lose 50 pounds in three months or to exercise three hours a day. add failure undercuts your
desire to try again.
sometimes it’s best to set a series of small goals instead of a single big
one. as in the alcohohes anonymous slogan “one day at a time, ” divide your objective into one-day segments, then renew your resolve the next day. at the end of a week, you’ll have a series of triumphs to look back on.
be patient. a strong will doesn’t develop overnight. it takes shape in inc
rements, and there can be setbacks. figure out what caused you to backslide, and
redouble your efforts.
when a friend of ours tried to give up cigarettes the first time, she failed. analyzing her relapse, she realized she needed to do something with her hands
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. on her second try, she took up knitting and brought out needles and yam every
time she was tempted to light up. within months she had knitted a sweater for her husband-and seemed to be off cigarettes for good.
keep it up. a strong will becomes stronger each time it succeeds. if you’ve successfully mustered the willpower to kick a bad habit or leave a dead-end job, you gain confidence to confront other challenges.
a record of success fosters an inner voice of confidence that, in the word
s of assagioli, gives you “a firm foot on the edge of the precipice.” you may
face more difficult tasks, but you’ve conquered before, and you can conquer again.
text f
first read the question.
32. the message of the passage is that shares can now be sold
a. through the computer b. in the shop
c. at the bank d. through the mail
now go through the text f quickly and answer the question.
investors seeking a cheap, no-frills way to sell privatisation shares need
look no further than the post box.
most stockbrokers offer bargain-basement deals on postal trades. they are i
deal for selling a small holding for the lowest possible commission.
but the arrangements leave investors at the mercy of the royal mail and a seller will not know in advance how much a sale will produce.
data processing engineer mark stanistreet of bradford sold by post after buying a few national power and power gen shares when they were privatised.
he says. “i didn’t really know where to go to for help. an information slip
with the shares gave details of yorkshire building society’s share shop service, which offered to sell for a flat fee of $ 5.”
“it was an ideal first step that showed me how easy and cheap it is to sell shares, l have been investing in a small way since then.
“i use yorkshire’s telephone service, which has a $ 9 minimum fee.” many stockbrokers offer postal deals as part of their usual dealing services, but clients may normally sell only big company or privatization shares this way.
share hnk’s minimum postal commission is $ 7.50, skipton building socie’s is $ 9 and nat weat’s is $ 9.95.
text g
first read the question.
33. in the passage the author’ attitude towards the subject under discussion is ___.
a. factual b. critical c. favourable d. ambiguous
now go through the text g quickly and answer the question.
with increasing prosperity, westem european youth is having a fling that is
creating distinctive consumer and cultural patterns.
the result has been the increasing emergence in europe of that phenomenon well known in america as the “youth market. ”this is a market in which enterprising businesses cater to the demands of teenagers and older youths in all their rock mania and pop-art forms.
in western europe, the youth market may appropriately be said to be in its
infancy. in some countries such as britain, west germany and france, it is more
advanced than in others. some manifestations of the market, chiefly sociological
, have been recorded, but it is only just beginning to be the subject of organized consumer research and promotion.
characteristics of the evolving european youth market indicate dissimilarities as well as similarities to the american youth market.
the similarities:
the market’s basis is essentially the same-more spending power and freedom
to use it in the hands of teenagers and older youth. young consumers also make
up an increasingly high proportion of the population.
as in the united states, youthful tastes in europe extend over a similar range of products-records and record players, transistor radios, leather jackets and “way out,” extravagantly styled clothing, cosmetics and soft drinks. generally it now is difficult to tell in which direction trans-atlantic teenage influences are flowing.
also, a pattern of conformity dominates european youth as in this country,
though in britain the object is to wear clothes that “make the wearer stand out,” but also make him
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“in”, such as tight trousers and precisely tailored jackets.
worship and emulation of “idols” in the entertainment field, especially the
“ pop” singers and other performers is pervasive. there is also the same exuberance and unpredictability in sudden fad switches. in paris, buyers of stores catering to the youth market carefully watch what dress is being worn by a popular television teenage singer to be ready for a sudden demand for copies. in stockholm other followers of teenage fads call the youth market “attractive but irrational.”
the most obvious differences between the youth market in europe and that in
the united states is in size. in terms of volume and variety of sales, the market in europe is only a shadow of its american counterpart, but it is a growing shadow.
but there are also these important dissimilarities generally with the american youth market:
in the european youth market, unlike that of the united states, it is the working youth who provides the bulk of purchasing power.
on the average, the school-finishing age still tends to be 14 years. this is the maximum age to which compulsory education extends, and with europe’s industrial manpower shortage, thousands of teenage youths may soon attain incomes equal in many cases to that of their fathers.
although, because of general prosperity, european youths are beginning to continue school studies beyond the compulsory maximum age, they do not receive anything like the pocket money or “allowances” of american teenagers. the europe
an average is about $ 5 to $ 10 a month.
working youth, consequently, are the big spenders in the european youth market, but they also have less leisure than those staying on at school, who in mm have less buying power.
text h
first read the question.
34. the passage mainly ___.
a. discusses patterns in company car use
b. advertises famous british company cars
c. recommends inexpensive company cars
d. introduces different models of cars
now go through the text h quickly and answer the question.
motorists would rather pay more tax than lose the place in the corporate pecking order conferred on them by their company cars.
and it is the company car—which accounts for half of all new motor sales each year—which continues to be the key method of measuring your progress up the greasy pole.
although a roll-royce or bentley is the ultimate success symbol, a jaguar is still desired by most top directors, according to the survey by top people’s
pay and perks experts at the monks partnership.
about 40 percent of company cars are perks rather than necessities for the
job, even though the average company car driver with a 1500cc engine is paying
more than three times as much in tax compared to a decade ago.
average cash allowances for a company car rise from 1,500 for those whose job requires them to have four wheels, to ￡ 4,000 for chief executives.
for company chairmen, the bmw 7 series and jaguar’s daimler double six top
the list of favoured cars , with upper range mercedes-benz models close behind.
the chief executive’s tastes follow a similar pattern with jaguar’s sovereign 4.0 litre and xj 63.2, mercedes-benz’s 320/300 and the bmw 7-series proving
most popular.
for other directors, the bmw 5 series is tops, followed by the mercedes-ben
z 200 series, jaguar’s xj 63.2 and the rover 800 series.
senior managers favour the bmw 3 and 5 series, depending on their rank and
company size.
sales representatives drive the 1.8 and 1.6 litre ford mondeos, rover 200 and 400 series and peugeot’s 405.
top of the prohibited list are sports cars and convertibles.
but british policies are being relaxed, with 64 per cent of companies offering japanese cars. the practice of employees trading up by making cash contribution to the value of the car they want is becoming more common, with some from reporting take-up rates in excess of 70 per cent.
text i
first read the questions.
35. ___ deals with marx’s intellectual impact.
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a. chapter Ⅰ b. chapter Ⅱ
c. chapter Ⅲ d. chapter Ⅳ
36. the chapter that discusses an important source of learning in high-technology industries is ___.
a. chapter Ⅲ b. chapter Ⅳ
c. chapter Ⅴ d. chapter Ⅵ
37. the role of market forces in innovative activities is addressed in ___.
a. part Ⅰ b. part Ⅱ
c. part Ⅲ d. part Ⅴ
now go through the text i quickly and answer the questions.
the book opens with a broad survey, in part Ⅰ, of the historical literature
on technical change. it attempts to provide a guide to a wide range of writings
that illuminate technological change as a historical phenomenon. the first chap
ter discusses aspects of the conceptualization of technological change and then
goes on to consider what the literature has had to say on(l) the rate of technological change, (2) the forces influencing its direction, (3) the speed with which new technologies have diffused, and (4) the impact of technological change on the growth in productivity.
a separate chapter is devoted to marx. marx’s intellectual impact has been
so pervasive as to rank him as a major social force in history, as well as an armchair interpreter of history.
part ii is, in important respects, the core of the book. each of its chapters advances an argument about some significant characteristics of industrial technologies. chapter 3 explores a variety of less visible forms in which technological improvements enter the economy. chapter 4 explicitly considers some significant characteristics of different energy forms. it examines some of the complexities of the long-term interactions between technological change and energy resources.
chapter 5, “on technological expectations,” addresses an issue that is simultaneously relevant to a wide range of industries—indeed, to all industries that are experiencing, or are expected to experience, substantial rates of technical improvement.
the last two chapters of part Ⅱ are primarily concerned with issues of greatest relevance to high-technology industries. chapter 6, “learning by using,
” identifies an important source of learning that grows out of actual experience in using products characterized by a high degree of system complexity. in contrast to learning by doing, which deals with skill improvements that grow out of the
productive process, learning by using involves an experience that begins where
learning by doing ends.
the final chapter in part Ⅱ , “how exogenous is science?” looks explicitly
at the nature of science technology interactions in high-technology industries.
it examines some of the specific ways in which these industries have been drawing upon the expanding pool of scientific knowledge and techniques.
the three chapters constituting part Ⅲ share a common concern with the role of market forces in shaping both the rate and direction of innovative activities, they attempt to look into the composition of forces constituting the demand
and the supply for new products and processes, especially in high-technology industries.
chapter 8 examines the history of technical change in the commercial aircraft industry over a fifty-year period 1925 - 1975.
finally, the two chapters of part Ⅳ place the discussion of technological
change in an international context, with the first chapter oriented toward its
long history and second toward the present and the future. chapter 11 pays primary attention to the transfer of industrial technology from britain to the world-
wide industrialization, because nineteenth-century industrialization was, in considerable measure,the story of the overseas transfer of the technologies already
developed by the first industrial society. the last chapter speculates about the prospects for the future from an american perspective, a perspective that is often dominated by apprehension over the loss of american technological leadership, especially in high-technology industries. by drawing upon some of the distinctive characteristics of high-technology industries, an attempt is made to identify possible elements of a future scenario.
text j
first read the questions.
38. who can enter the contest?
a. postgraduate
[10] ...